经常和其他情态动词混淆的 must,也有自己独特的一面

Must 是常见的情态动词之一,不少的人会把它与 have to 或 should 的用法混淆起来,有的时候弄错的话,经常会背道而驰。但其实除了可以表示“义务”以外,must 的其他用法也丰富多彩。


一、must 的肯定、否定或疑问形式
1. 肯定形式:主语 + must + 动词原型(不带 to 不定式),意为“必须”,例如:
I must go.
我得走了。
All visitors must report to reception.
所有来宾必须到接待处报到。
2. 否定形式:主语 + mustn't (must not)+ 动词原型(不带 to 不定式),意为“不能,不得”等,例如:
I mustn't go.
我不能去。
All visitors mustn't report to reception.
所有来访者不得向接待处报到。
注意:用不缩写的 must not 来表强调,例如:
You must not leave any rubbish.
你不能留下任何垃圾。
3. Must 的一般疑问形式是变换陈述句中主语和 must 的位置:Must + 主语 + 动词原型(不带 to 不定式),例如:
Must I go?
我必须走吗?
Must all visitors report to reception?
所有来访者都必须到接待处报到吗?
Must we go to the cinema tonight?
我们今晚必须去看电影吗?
Must they come for dinner?
他们一定要来吃饭吗?
注意:当要形成否定疑问句时,通常用缩写形式 mustn't,但是 mustn't 开头的疑问句很少见,因为 mustn't 的意思很容易让人混淆。
4. Must 不与其他情态动词或助动词使用,不管什么顺序,例如:
This must can be your brother. (错误)
This can must be your brother. (错误)
There dosen’t must be any rubbish left. (错误)

二、must 表示义务 (obligation and necessity)
Must 用来表示在现在或将来有义务或必要性做某事,侧重于说话者的主观看法,认为有必要或有义务去做某事,意为“必须”,例如:
You must answer all of the questions.
你必须回答所有的问题。
I must talk to you about the new project.
我必须和你谈谈新项目。
Seat belts must be worn even in the back of the car.
即使是在汽车后面也必须系安全带。
I must call my mother tomorrow.
我明天必须给我妈妈打电话。
注意:must 不能用于谈论过去,要谈论过去只能用它的竞争对手 have to 的过去式 had to,这也是这两者表“义务”时的主要区别之一,例如:
I had to help Clare with her homework yesterday.
昨天我不得不帮克莱尔做家庭作业。

三、must 表推测(deductions and conclusions)
当仔细考虑事实时,常用 must 来表达从这些事实中得出的推论和结论,意为“准是,一定是,肯定是,想必是,很可能是”等。
1. 对现在的推测,格式是:主语 + must + 动词原型(不带 to 不定式),例如:
He’s so small. He must be no more than four years old.
他太小了。他一定不超过四岁。
A: I got up at 4 am this morning.
我今天早上4点起床。
B: Oh wow, you must be tired.
哇,你现在一定累了。
A: Yes I am!
是的,我累!
He must be writing a letter to his girl friend.
他一定在给他女朋友写信。
He must be going soft in the head.
他一准是脑子出毛病了。
I think you must be mixing me up with someone else.
我觉得你一定是把我错当成别人了。
2. 对过去的推测,格式是:主语 + must have + 过去分词 + 其他,例如:
I saw Cynthia crying a few minutes ago. She must have heard the bad news.
几分钟前我看见辛西娅哭了。她一定听到了这个坏消息。
A: I called you yesterday around three o’clock but you must have been out.
我昨天三点钟左右打电话给你,但你一定出去了。
B: We must have been in the garden. That’s a pity.
我们一定在花园里。真遗憾。
Someone must have been smoking here.
一定有人一直在这里抽烟。
注意:表推测时,must 只用于肯定句中,在疑问句或否定句中用 can't 或 cannot 来代替表推测,因为 mustn't 不能用来表推测,例如:
这不可能是真的。他不可能离开他的工作。
It just can’t be true. He can’t have left his job. (正确)
It just mustn't be true. He mustn't have left his job. (错误)
那不可能是他的妹妹。她看起来很不一样。
That cannot be his sister. She looks so different. (正确)
That mustn't be his sister. She looks so different. (错误)

四、must 表规则和法律
Must  表示法律、法规和禁令等,经常出现在公共标志和通知中,例如:
Passengers must arrive at the airport at least 2 hours before departure.
旅客必须在起飞前至少2小时到达机场。
Bags must be placed under the seat.
行李必须放在座位下面。
You must not park outside the entrance.
你不能把车停在门口。
You must not make noise after 9 o’clock.
9点以后你不能吵闹。

五、must 表邀请或鼓励
Must 用来表达礼貌的邀请或鼓励,例如:
You must come and see us soon.
你一定要尽快来看我们。
You must come to visit me in London.
你一定要来伦敦看我。
You must try some of this chocolate cake. It’s delicious.
你一定要尝尝这个巧克力蛋糕。很好吃。

六、must 表批判或批评
Must 在疑问句中可以表批判或批评,此时句中常有表示频度的副词或副词短语等,例如:
Must you keep playing that terrible music?
你一定要继续放那糟糕的音乐吗?
Why must you mispronounce my name every time?
你为什么每次都念错我的名字?
A: Must you always leave the windows open?
你一定要让窗户一直开着吗?
B: I’m sorry. I always forget to close them.
对不起。我总是忘记关上它们。
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