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2018-11-26 禀父母·闻九弟习字长进【原文】男国藩跪禀父母亲大人万福金安,九弟之病,自正月十六日后,日见强旺;二月一日开荤,现全复元矣。二月以来,日日习字,时有长进。男亦常习小楷,以为明年考差之具。近来改临智永千字文贴,不复临颜柳二家帖,以不合时宜故也。孙男身体甚好,每日佻达①欢呼,曾无歇息,孙女亦好。浙江之事,闻于正月底交战,仍尔不胜。去岁所失宁波府城,定海、镇海二县城,尚未收复。英夷滋扰以来,皆汉好助之为卢,此辈食毛践土,丧尽天良,不知何日罪恶贯盈,始得聚而歼灭。湖北崇阳县逆贼钟人杰为乱,攻占崇阳、通城二县。裕制军即日扑灭,将钟人杰及逆党槛送京师正法,余孽俱已搜尽。钟逆倡乱不及一月,党羽姻属,皆伏天诛,黄河去年决口,昨已合拢,大功告成矣。九弟前病中思归,近因难觅好伴,且闻道上有虞,是以不复作归计。弟自病好后,亦安心不甚思家。李碧峰在寓三月,现己找得馆地,在唐同年李杜家教书,每月俸金二两,月费一千。男于二月初配丸药一料,重三斤,约计费钱六千文。男等在京谨慎,望父母亲大人放心,男谨禀。(道光二十二年二月二十匹日)【注释】①佻达:佻皮,戏闹。【译文】儿子国藩跪着禀告父母亲大人万福金安。九弟的病,自正月十六日后,一天天强健起来,二月一日起开始吃荤,现已全部复元。二月以来,天天学习写字,且有所长进。儿子也常习小楷,做为有年考差的工具。近来改了临永千字文帖,不再临颜、柳两家帖了,因为不合时宜的缘故。孙儿身体很好,每天戏谑欢叫,也不用歇息,孙女也好。浙江的事,听说在正月底交战,仍旧没有取胜。去年失守的宁波府城,定海、镇海两县城,还没有收复。英国人滋扰以来,那帮汉奸助纣为虐,此辈食毛践土,丧尽天良,不知道哪天罪恶贯盈,才得以一起把他们歼灭?湖北崇阳县逆贼钟人杰作乱,攻占崇阳、通城两县。裕制军即日扑灭,将钟人杰及逆党用囚车关了押达京城正法,余孽已经一网打尽。钟逆倡乱不到一个月,党羽姻属,都受到天诛。黄河去年决口,昨已合拢,大功告成。九弟前病时想回家,近来因为找不到好伴,并且听说路上不平安,所以已不准备回家了。弟弟自从病好之后,也安心不想家了。李碧峰在家住了三个月,现在已经找到教书的馆地,在唐同年李社家教书,每个月俸金二两,月费一千。儿子在二月初配丸药一料,重三斤,大约花了六千文钱。儿子等在京城谨慎从事,望父母亲大人放心。儿子谨禀。(道光二十二年二月二十四日)禀父母·教弟写字养神【原文】男国藩跪禀父母亲大人万福金安。三月初,奉大人正月十二日手谕,具悉一切。又知附有布疋腊肉等,在黄弗卿处,第不知黄氏兄弟,何日进京?又不知家中系专人送至省城,抑托人顺带也?男在京身体如常,男妇亦清吉。九弟体已复元,前二月问,因其初愈,每日只令写字养神。三月以来,仍理旧业,依去年功课。未服补剂,男分九药六两与他吃,因年少不敢峻补①。孙男女皆好,拟于三月间点牛痘。此间牛痘局,系广东京官请名医设局积德,不索一钱,万无一失。男近来每日习字,不多看书。同年邀为试帖诗课,十日内作诗五首,用白折写好公评,以为明年考差之具。又吴子序同年,有两弟在男处附课看文。又金台书院每月月课,男亦代人作文,因久荒制艺,不得不略为温习。此刻光景已窘,幸每月可收公项房钱十五千外,些微挪借,即可过度,京城银钱,此外间究为活动。家中去年澈底澄清,余债无多,此真可喜!蕙妹仅存钱四百千,以二百在新窑食租,不知住何人屋?负薪汲水,又靠何人?率五又文弱,何能习劳,后有家信,望将惠妹家事,琐细详书,余容后呈,男谨禀。(道光二十二年三月十一日)【注释】峻补:猛补,大补。【译文】儿子国藩跪着禀告父母亲大人万福金安。三月初,奉大人正月十二日手谕,知道一切。又知道附来布疋、腊肉等,在黄弗卿处,但不知道黄氏兄弟,何时进京,又不知道家里是专人送到省城的,还是托人顺带?儿子在京城身体如常,儿媳妇也很精神。九弟身体已复元,前二月间,因他是初愈,每天只叫他写字养神。三月以来,仍然做原来的事业,依去年功课。没有吃补药,儿子分了丸药六两给他吃,因年纪轻,不敢大补。孙儿孙女都好,准备在三月间点牛痘。这里的牛痘局,是广东京官请有名的医生设局积德的,不收钱,万无一失。儿子近来每天习字,不多看书,,同年邀为试帖诗课,十天内作诗五首,用白折写好公评,以为明年考差之具。又吴子序同年,有两个弟弟在儿子处附裸看文。又金台书院每月月课,儿子也代人作文,因为制艺荒废久了,不得不略为温习。眼下手头很窘迫,幸亏每月可收公项房钱十五千外,再挪借一点点,就可以度过,京城银钱,此外间究竟活动些。家中去年彻底澄清,余债不多,这真可喜。蕙妹仅仅存钱四百千,又拿二百在新窑租房吃饭,不知住的何人的屋?担柴挑水,又靠何人?率五身体又文弱,哪能习惯劳动?以后有家信,希望把她的家事,琐琐细细,详细写上,其余的容以后再呈禀;儿子谨禀,(道光二十二年三月十一日)禀父母·劝两弟学业宜精【原文】男国藩跪禀父母亲大人万福金安。六月廿八日,接到家书,系三月廿四日所发,知十九日四弟得生子,男等合室相庆,四妹生产虽难,然血晕亦是常事;且此次既能保全,则下次较为容易。男未得信时,常以为虑,既得此信,如释重负。六月底,我县有人来京捐官,言四月县考时,渠在城内,并在彭兴歧丁信风两处,面晤四弟六弟,知案首是吴定五。男十三年前,在陈氏宗祠读书,定五才发蒙人起讲,在杨畏斋处受业,来年闻吴春岗说定五甚为发奋,今果得志,可渭成就甚速。其余前十名,及每场题目,渠已忘记,后有信来,乞四弟写出。四弟六弟考运不好,不必挂怀;俗语云:“不怕进得迟,只要中得快。”从前邵丹畦前辈,四十二岁入学,五十二岁作学政。现任广西藩台汪朗,渠于道光十二年入学,十三年点状元。阮姜台前辈,于乾隆五十三年,县府试头场皆未取,即于是年入学中举,五十四年点翰林,五十五年留馆,五十六年大考第一,比放浙江学政,五十九年升浙之出抚。些小得失不足患,特患业之不精耳。两弟场中文若得意①,可将原卷领出寄京,若不得意,不寄可也。男辈在京平安,纪泽兄妹二人,体甚结实,皮色亦黑,逆夷在江苏滋扰,于六月十一日攻陷镇江,有大船数十只,在大江游大;江宁杨州二府,颇可危虑。然而天不降灾,圣人在上,故京师人心镇定。同乡王翰城告假出京,男与陈岱云亦拟送家眷南旋,与郑苇田王翰城四家同队出京,男与陈家,本于六月底定计,后于七月初一请人扶乩,似可不必轻举妄动,是以中止。现在男与陈家,仍不送家眷回南也。正月间,俞岱青先生出京,男寄有鹿脯一方,托找彭山屺转寄,俞后托谢吉人转寄,不知到否?又四月托李丙冈寄银寄笔,托曹西垣寄参并交陈季牧处,不知到否,前父亲教男养须之法,男仅留上唇须,不能用水浸透,色黄者多,黑者少,下唇拟待三十六岁始留,男屡接家信,嫌其不详,嗣后更愿详示,男谨禀。(道光二十二年六用初十日)【注释】①得意:满意。此处指中文考试成绩若尽人意的意思。【译文】儿子国藩跪着禀告父母亲大人万福金安。六月二十八日,接到家信,是三月二十四日所发,知道十九日四弟生了儿子,儿子等全家表示庆贺!四妹生产虽难,但血晕也是常事,并且这次能保无事,下次便容易些了。儿子没有收到来信时,常以忧虑,既得了这封信,如释重负。六月底,我县有人来京城捐官,说四月县考时,他在城里,并且在彭兴岐、丁信风两处,见了四弟六弟,知道案首是吴定五。儿子十三年前,在陈氏宗祠读书,定五才发蒙作起讲,在杨畏斋那里授业。来年听吴春岗说定五很发奋,今天果然得志,可说成就很快。其余前十名,及每场题目,他已忘记,以后来信,请四弟写出。四弟六弟考运不好,不必放在心上。俗话说:“不怕进得迟,只要中得快。”从前邵丹畦前辈。四十三岁入学,五十二岁作学政。现任广西播台汪朗,他在道光十二年入学,十三年点状元,阮妄台前辈,在乾隆五十三年,县府试头场都没有录取,就在当年入学中举。五十四年点翰林,五十五年留馆,五十六年大考第一,放任浙江学政,五十九年升浙江巡抚。小小得失不足为怕,只怕学业不精。两弟考场里如果文章得意,可把原卷领出来寄侄京城。如果不满意,就不寄了。儿子等在京平安,纪泽兄妹二人,身体结实,肤色稍黑。洋人在江苏滋扰,于六月十一日攻陷镇江,有大船几十只,在大江游弋。江宁、杨州两府,很是危急。然而,天不降灾,圣人在上,所以人心安定。同乡王翰城告假出京,儿子和陈岱云也准备送家眷回南方,与郑莘田、王翰城四家同队出京。儿子与陈家,本在六月底计划好了,后在七月初一请人扶虬,似可不必轻举妄动,因此中止了。现在儿子与陈家,仍然不送家眷回南方了。正月间,俞岱青先生出京,儿子寄有鹿脯一块,托彭山屺转寄,逾后托谢吉人转寄,不知收到没有?前父亲教儿子养须的方法,儿子只留上唇须,不能用水浸透,黄色的多,黑色的少。下唇准备等三十六岁开始留。儿子多次接到家信,都嫌写得不详细,以后希望详细训示,儿子谨禀。(道光二十二年六月日)致诸弟·述求学之方法【原文】四位老弟足下:九弟行程,计此时可以到家;自任邱发信之后,至今未接到第二封信,不胜悬悬!不知道上有甚艰险否?四弟六弟院试,计此时应有信,而折差久不见来,实深悬望!予身体较六弟在京时一样,总以耳鸣为苦;问之吴竹如云:“只有静养一法,非药物所能为力。”而应酬日繁,予又素性浮躁,何能著实静养?疑搬进内城注,可省一半无谓之往还,现在尚未找得。予时时日悔,终未能洗涤自新;九弟归去之后,予定刚日读经,柔日读史之法,读经常懒散不沈著。读《后汉书》,现已丹笔点过八本,虽全不记忆,而较之去年读《前汉书》,领会较深。吴竹如近日往来极密,来则作竟日谈,所言皆身心国家①大道理。渠言有窦兰泉者,云南人,见道极精当平实,窦亦深知予者,彼此现未拜往。竹如必要予搬进城住,盖城内镜海先生可以师事,倭艮峰先生窦兰泉可以友事,师友夹待,虽懦夫亦有立志。予思朱子言:“为学壁如熬肉,先须用猛火煮,然后用漫火温。”予生平工夫,全未用猛火煮过,虽有见识,乃是从悟境得来,偶用工亦不过优游玩索②已耳,如未沸之汤,遽用漫火温之,将愈翥愈不熟也。以是急思般进城内,以是急思搬进城内,屏除一切,从事于克己之学。镜海艮峰两先生,赤劝我急搬,而城外朋友,予亦有思常见都数人,如邵蕙西吴子序何子贞陈岱云是也。蕙西常言与周公谨交,如饮醇醑③,我两个颇有此风味,故每见辄长谈不舍。予序之为人,予至今不能定其品,然识见最大且精,尝教我云:“用功譬若掘井,与春多掘数井,而皆不及泉,何若老衬一井,力求及泉而用之不竭乎广此语正与予病相合,盖予所谓掘井而皆不及泉者且。何子贞与予讲字极相合,谓我真知大源,断不可暴弃。予尝谓天下万事万理,皆出于乾坤二卦,即以作字论之,纯以神行,大气彭荡,脉络周通,潜心内传,此乾道也。结构精巧,向背有法,修短合度,此坤道也。凡乾以神气言,凡坤以形质言,礼乐不可斯须④去身,即此道也。乐本于乾,礼本于坤,作字而优游自得,真力弥满者,即乐之意也。丝丝入扣,转折合法者,即礼之意也。偶与子贞言及此,子贞深以为然,谓渠生平得力,尽于此矣。陈岱云与吾处处痛痒相关,此九弟所知者也,写至此,接得家书,知四弟六弟未得入学,怅怅!然科名有无迟早,总由前定,丝毫不能勉强。吾辈读书,只有两事,一者进德之事,讲求乎诚正修齐⑤之道,以图无忝⑥所生,一者修业之事,操习乎记诵词章之术,以图自卫其身。进德之身,难于尽言,至于修业以卫身,吾请言之。卫身莫大如谋食,农工商劳力以求食者也,士劳心以求食者也。故或食禄于朝,教授于乡,或为传食之客,或为入幕之宾⑦,皆须计其所业,足以得食而无愧。科名⑧,食禄之阶也,亦须计吾所业,将来不至尸位素餐⑨,而后得科名而无愧,食之得不得,究通由天作主,予夺由人作主,业之精不精,由我作主。然吾未见业果精而终不得食者也,农果力耕,虽有饥馑,必有丰年;商果积货,虽有雍滞,必有通时;士果能精其业,安见其终不得科名哉?即终不得科名,又岂无他途可以求食者哉?然则特患业之不精耳。求业之精,别无他法,曰专而已矣。谚曰:“艺多不养身,谓不专也。”吾掘井多而无泉可饮,不专之咎也!诸弟总须力图专业,如九弟志在习字,亦不尽废他业;但每日习安工夫,不可不提起精神,随时随事,皆可触悟。四弟六弟,吾不知其心有专嗜否⑩?若志在穷经,则须专守一经,志在作制义(11),则须专看一家文稿,志在作古文,则须专看一家文集。作各体诗亦然,作试帖亦然,万不可以兼营并鹜(12),兼营则必一无所能矣。切嘱切嘱!千万千万!此后写信来,诸弟备有专守之业,务须写明,且须详问极言,长篇累牍,使我读其手书,即可知其志向识见。凡专一业之人,必有心得,亦必有疑义。诸弟有心得,可以告我共赏之,有疑义,可以告我共析之,且书信既详,则四千里外之兄弟,不啻(12)晤言一室,乐何如乎?予生平伦常中,惟兄弟一伦,抱愧尤深!盖父亲以其所知者,尽以教我,而吾不能以吾所知者,尽教诸弟,是不孝之大者也!九弟在京年余,进益无多,每一念及,无地自容。嗣后我写诸弟信,总用此格纸,弟宜存留,每年装订成册,其中好处,万不可忽略看过。诸弟写信寄我,亦须用一色格纸,以便装订。兄国藩手具。(道光二十二年九月十八日)【注释】①身”:国家:修身、养,C/合国、治家,即有关个人和国家之事。②玩索:玩味索求。③醇醪:醇香可口的酒酿。④斯须:些许时间。⑤诚正修齐:诚意、正心、修身、齐家。⑥无忝:无辱。⑦传食之客:即名士官宦所养之食客。入幕之宾,指居高官显爵之位者的幕僚宾客。⑧科名:通过科举考试而获取功名。⑨尸位素餐:徒居其位,不谋其事。⑩专嗜:专门的嗜好。(11):穷经:研习所有儒家经典著作;制义,为应付科举考试而作的八股文章。(12):并鹜,同时兼顾,此词舌、有贬义。(13):不啻:不止,不但,不异于。【译文】四位老弟足下:九弟的行程,预计现在可以到家。自从在任邱发信之后,至今没有接到第二封信,不胜悬念之至!不知道路上有什么艰难险阻吗?四弟六弟院试,预计现在应该有结果了,而折差许久也不见来,实在叫人悬望!我身体和六弟在京时一样,总以耳鸣为苦。问了吴竹如,他说:“只有静养,不是药物所能治愈的。”而应酬一天天繁多,我又从来性子浮躁,哪里能实实在在静养?准备搬到内城住,可以省一半路程往返,现在房子还没有找到。我时刻悔恨,终没有能够洗涤自新。九弟回去以后,我决定双日读经,早日读史。读经常常是懒散不沉着,读《后汉书》已用朱笔点过八本,虽说都不记得,而比去年读《前汉书》领会要深刻些。吴竹如近日往来很密。来了便要作整天的谈话,听说的都是关于身心健康、国家大事。他说有个窦兰泉的,云南人,悟道非常精当平实,窦对我也很了解。彼此之间还没有详访过。竹如一定要我搬进城里住,因为城里的镜海先生司以师事,倭艮峰先生和窦兰泉先生可以友事,师友夹持,就是一个懦夫也要立志。我想朱子说过:“做学问好比熬肉,先要用猛火煮,然后用慢火温。”我生平的工夫,全没用猛火煮过。虽然有些见识,是从悟境得到,偶尔用功也不过优游玩索罢了。好比没有煮熟的汤,马上用温火温,越温越不热。因此,急于想搬进城里去,排除一切杂念,从事于“克己复礼”的学问。镜海、艮峰两先生,也劝我快搬。城外的朋友,也有想常常见面的几个人,如邵惠西、吴子序、何子贞、陈岱云。惠西常说与周公谨交,如喝醇酒,我们两人有这种风味,所以每次见面就长谈舍不得分手。子序的为人,我至今不能定他的品味,但是见识却是博大精深,常教我说:“用功好比挖井,与其挖好几井而看不见泉水,不如老挖一口井,一定要挖到看见泉水,那就取之不尽,用之不竭了。”这几话正切合我的毛病,因为我就是一个挖井而不见泉水的人。何子贞与我讨论书法非常相合,说我真的懂得书法的诀窃,决不可自暴自弃。我常常说天下万事万理,都同于乾坤二字,就以书法来说,纯粹用神韵去写,周身大气彭荡,脉络周通,潜心内转,这就是乾的道理。结构精巧,向背有法,修短合度,这就是坤的道理。乾,从神韵而言;坤,从形体而论。礼乐不可一喇离身,也是这道理。乐,本于乾;礼,本于坤。写字而优游自得,真力弥满,就是乐的意味了。丝丝入扣,转折合法,就是礼的意味了。偶尔与子贞谈到这些,子贞觉得很对,说他生平得力,全在这些了。陈岱云与我处处痛痒相关,这是九弟知道的。写到这里,接到家信,知道四弟六弟没有入学,很遗憾!但是科名的有和没有,早或迟,总是生前注定的,一点不能勉强。我们读书,只有两件事:一是进德,讲求诚正修齐的道理,以做到不负一生;一是修业,操习记诵词章的技巧,以做到自立自卫。进德的事,难以尽言。至于修业的卫身,我来说一说。卫身没有比谋生更大的事了。农、工劳力,是谋生;士人劳心,也是谋生。所以说,或者在朝廷当官拿俸禄,或者在家乡教书以糊口,或者做传传达达的事当食客,或者参加人家的府幕做宾客,都是用自己所修的业,达到谋生无愧于心的满足。科名,是当官拿俸禄的阶梯,也要衡量自己学业如何,将来不至于尸位素餐,得了科名心里不感惭愧。谋生谋得谋不得,穷通由天作主,予夺由人作主,业精不精,由自己作主。然而我没有见过精而终于谋不到生的。农夫如果努力耕种,虽然会有饥荒,但一定有丰岁。商人如果积藏了贷物,虽然会有积压,但一定会有畅销的时侯。读书人如果能精学业,那怎见得他不会有科名呢?就是终于得不到科名,又怎见得不会有其他谋生的途径呢?因此说,只怕业不精了。要求业精,没有别的办法,要专一罢了。谚语说:“技艺多了不能够养身,说他不专一。”我挖井多而没有泉水可饮,是不专的过错。各位弟弟要力求专业,如九弟志在书法,也不废弃其他,但每天写字的工夫,不可不提起精神,随时随便什么事,都可以触动灵感。四弟六弟,我不知道他们心里有专门的爱好没有?如果志向在穷经,那么应该专门研究一种经典。如果志向在制艺,那么应该专门研究一有的文稿。如果志向在作古文,那么应该专门看一家文集。作各种体裁的诗也一样,作试帖也一样,万万不可以兼营并鹜。样样去学一定一无所长。切嘱切嘱!千万千万!以后写信来,各位弟弟专攻的学业,务必写明,并且要详细提出问题,详述自己的心得,长篇累牍的写来,使我读了之后,就可以知道你们的志趣和见识。专一门的人,一定会有心得,也一定有疑问。弟弟们有心得,告诉我可以一起欣赏;有疑问,告诉我可以一起来分析。并且写得既详细,那么四千里外的兄弟,好像在一问房里见面,那是何等快乐的事啊!我生平对于伦常之中,只有兄弟这一伦,愧疚太深。因为父亲以他所知道的,尽力教我。而我不能以我所知道的,尽教弟弟们,是大不孝!九弟在京城一年多,进步不多,每一想起,真是无地自容。以后我给弟弟写信,总用这种格子纸,弟弟们要留着,每年订成一册,其中的好处,万不可以随便看过。弟弟们写信寄我,也要用一色格子纸,以便装订,兄国藩手具。(道光二十二年九月十八日)致诸弟·读书宜立志有恒【原文】诸位贤弟足下:十一前月八日,已将日课抄与弟阅,嗣后每次家书,可抄三叶付回。日课本皆楷书,一笔不苟,惜抄回不能作楷书耳。冯树堂时攻最猛,余亦教之如弟,知无不言。可惜弟不能在京,在树堂日日切磋,余无日无刻不太息也!九弟在京年半,余懒散不努力;九弟去后,余乃稍能立志,盖余实负九弟矣!余尝语贷云曰:“余欲尽孝道,更无他事;我能教诸弟进德业一分,则我之孝有一分,能教诸弟进十分,则我之孝有十分。右作不能教弟成名,则我大不孝矣!”九弟之无所进,是我之大不教也!惟愿诸弟发奋立志,念念有恒;以补我不孝不罪,幸甚幸甚!岱云与易五近亦有日课册,惜其讥不甚超亘,余虽日日与之谈论,渠究不能悉心领会,颇疑我言太夸。然岱云近汲勤奋,将来必有所成。何子敬近侍我甚好,常彼此作诗唱和,盖因其兄钦佩我诗,且谈字最相合,故子敬亦改容加礼。子贞现临隶字,每日临七八页,今年已千页矣,近又考订《汉书》之伪,每日手不释卷。盖子贞之学,长于五事,一曰《仪礼》精,二曰《汉书》熟,三曰《说文》精,四曰各体诗好,五曰字好,此五事者,渠意皆欲有所传于后少。以余观之,此二者,余不甚精,不知浅深究竟如何,若字则必传千占无疑矣。诗亦远出时手之上,必能卓然成家。近日京城诗家颇少,故余亦欲多做几首。金竺虔在小珊家住,颇有面善心非之隙,唐诗甫亦与小珊有隙,余现仍与小珊来往,泯然无嫌①,但心中不甚惬洽②耳。黄子寿处本日去看他,工夫甚长进,古文有才华,好买书,东翻西阅,涉猎颇多,心中己有许多古董。何世名子亦甚好,沈潜之至,天分不高,将来必有所成,吴竹如近日未出城,余亦未去,盖每见则耽搁一大也,其世兄亦极沈潜,言动中礼,现在亦学倭艮峰先生。吾观何吴两世兄之姿质,与诸弟相等,远不及周受珊黄子寿,而将来成就,何吴必更切实。此其故,诸弟能直书自知之,愿诸弟勉之而已,此数子者,皆后起不凡之人才也,安得诸弟与之联镳并驾,则余之大幸也!季仙九先生到京服阕③,待我甚好,有青眼相看之意,同年会课,近皆懒散,而十日一会如故。余今年过年,尚须借银百十金,以五十还杜家,以百金用。李石梧到京,交出长郡馆公费,即在公项借用,免出外开口更好,不然,则尚须张罗也。门上陈升,一言不合而去,故余作傲奴诗,现换一周升作门上,颇好,余读《易》旅卦丧其童仆,象曰:“以旅与下,其义丧也。”解之者曰:“以旅与下者,谓视童仆如旅人,刻薄寡恩,漠然无情,则童仆将视主如逆旅矣。”余待下虽不刻薄,而颇有视如逆旅之意,故人不尽忠,以后余当视之如家人手足也。分虽严明,而情贵周通,贤弟待人,亦宜知之。余每闻折差到,辄望家信,不知能设法多寄几次否,若寄信,则诸弟必须详写日记数天,幸甚!余写信亦不必代诸弟多立课程,盖恐多看则生厌,故但将余近日实在光景写示而已,伏维绪弟细察。(道光二十二年十一月十六日)【注释】①泯然无嫌:指表面上没有嫌隙。②不甚惬洽:指不太乐意和融洽。惬:惬意。③阕:止,止息,此处指期满。【译文】诸位贤弟足下:十一前月八日,已把日课抄给你们看,以后每次写信,可抄三页寄回。我的日课都用楷体,一笔不苟,可惜寄回的抄本就不用楷体了。冯树堂进步最快,我都他和教弟弟一一样,知无不言。可惜九弟不能在这里,与树堂天天切磋学问,我无日无刻不叹息!九弟在京城一年半,我懒散不努力;九弟去后,我才稍微能够立志,因我大有负于九弟了!我常对岔云说:“我想尽孝道,除此没有别的事更重要。我能够教育弟弟们进德修业一分,那我真是尽孝一分;能够教育弟弟们进步十分,那我真是尽孝十分。如果完全不能教弟弟们成名,那我是大大的不孝了。”九弟之所以没有长进,是我的大不孝!只望弟弟们发奋立志,念念有恒,以弥补我的不孝之罪,那就很有幸了!岱云是易五,近来也有日课册,可惜他们的见识不够超越,我虽天天和他们谈论,他们却不能一一领悟,还怀疑我说的大夸张了。但岱云近来很勤奋,将来一定有成就。何子名近来对我很好,常常彼此作诗相唱和。这是因为他兄长饮佩我的诗,并已论书法最相合,所以子敬也改变态度,优礼有加。子忐现在临的是隶书,每天临七八页,今年已临了千页了。近来又考订《汉书》之伪,每天手不释卷。子贞的学问,有五个方面见长。一是《仪礼》精通;二是《汉书》熟悉;三是《说文》精湛;四是各种体裁的诗都写得好;五是书法好。这五个方面的长处,他的想法是都要能传于后世。以我看来,前面三个方面,我不精,不知深浅如何?如果说到书法,那是必定可传千古疑的了。他的诗,也远远超过了时尚诗人,一定可以卓然成家。近来京城诗家很少,所以我也想多做几首。金竺虔在小珊家住,两人有嫌隙,面和心不和。唐诗甫也和小珊有嫌隙。我现在仍旧与小珊往来,表面上没有嫌隙,但心里不太乐意和融洽。黄子寿处今天去看他,工夫很长进,古文有才华,喜欢买书,东翻翻,西看看,涉猎很广,心里的古董货收藏不少。何世兄也日好,沉着潜静得很,天分不高,但将来一定有成就。吴竹如近日没有出城,我也没有去,因为见一次面便耽搁一天时光。他的世兄也很沉着潜静,言行合乎礼节,现在也师事倭良先生。我看何、吴两世兄的姿质,和弟弟们不相上下,远不及周受珊、黄子寿,而将来成就,何、吴一定更切实些。因为这个缘故,弟弟自然知道我的意思,希望弟弟们勉励。这几位,都是后起不平凡的人才,如果弟弟们能够与他们并驾齐驱,那是我大感幸运的!委仙九先生到京,丧服满期,对我很好,青眼相看,同年会课,近来都懒散了,但十天一会还维持下来。我今年过年,还要借一百五十两银子,以五十两还杜家,以一百两自己用。李石梧到京,交出长郡馆公费,就在这公费中借用,免得向外面开口更好些,不然的话,又要张罗一番。门上陈升,因为一言不合,拂袖而去。所以我做了一道《傲奴诗》,现在换了周升作门上,比较好。我读《易》旅封丧其童仆,像曰:“以旅与下,其义丧也。”解释的人说:“以旅与下是说看童仆好比路人,刻薄寡恩,漠然无情,那么童仆也把主人看做路人了。”我对待下人虽说不刻薄,也看得如路人,所以他就不尽忠报效,今后我要把下人当做自己家里人一样亲如手足,办事虽要求严格明白,而感情上还是以沟通为贵。贤弟对特别人,也要知道这个道理。我每听到通信兵到,便望有家信,不知能不能设法多寄几封?如果寄信,那弟弟们必须详细写日记几天,幸甚!我写信也不必代你们多立课程,恐怕多了产生厌烦心理,所以只写近日实在情形罢了。望弟弟们细看。(道光二十二年十一月十七日)致诸弟·勉励自立课程【原文】诸位贤弟足下:九弟到家,偏走各亲戚家、必各有一番景况、何不详以音我?四妹小产,以后生育颇难,然此事最大,断不可以人力勉强,劝渠家只须听其自然,不可过于矜持。又闻四妹起最晏①,往往其姑②反服侍他;此反常之事,最足折福,天下未有不地之妇而可得好处者,诸弟必须时劝导之,晓之以大义。诸弟在家读书,不审每日如何用功?余自十月初一日立志自新以来,虽懒惰如故,而每日楷书写日记,每日读史十页,每日记茶余偶谈一则,此三事,未尝一日间断。十月廿一日誓永戒吃水烟,洎③今已两月不吃烟,已习惯成自然矣,予自立课程甚多,惟记茶余偶谈,读史十页,写日记楷本此三事者,誓终身不间断也。诸弟每日自立课程,必须有日日不断之功,虽行船走路,须带在身边,予除此三事外,他课程不必能有成,而此三事者、将终身行之。前立志作《曾氏家训》一部,曾与九弟详细道及,后因采择经史,若非经史烂熟胸中,则割裂零碎,毫无线索,至于采择诸子各家之言,尤为浩繁,虽抄数百卷,犹不能尽收,然后知古人作《大学衍义》《衍义补》诸书,乃胸中自有条例,自有议论,而随便引书以证明之,非翻书而偏抄之也。然后知著开之难,故暂且不作《曾氏家训》;若将来胸中道理愈多,议论愈贯串、仍当为之。现在朋友愈多,讲躬行心得者,则有镜海先生,艮峰前辈,吴竹如窦兰泉冯树堂。穷经知道者,则有吴子序邵慧西。讲诗文字而艺通干道者,则有何子贞。才气奔放,则有汤海秋,英气逼人,志大神静,则有黄子寿。又有王少鹤,名锡振,广西乙未翰要。吴莘畲名尚志,广东人,吴抚台之世兄。庞作人名文寿,浙江人。此四君者,首闻于名而先来拜,虽所造有浅深。要皆有志之上,不甘居于庸碌者也。京师为人定渊薮④,不求则尤之,愈求则愈出,近来闻好友甚多,予不欲先去看别人,恐徒标榜虚声,盖求友以匡己之下逮,此大益也。标榜以盗虚名,是大损也。天下有益之事,即有足损者寓乎其中,不可不辨。黄子寿近作选将论一篇,共六千余字,真奇才也!黄子寿戊戊年始作破题,而六年之中,遂成大学问;此天分独绝,万不可学而至,诸弟不必反而惊之。予不愿诸弟学他,但愿诸弟学吴世兄何世兄。吴竹如之世兄,现亦学艮峰先生写日记,言有矩,动有法,其静气实实可爱!何子贞之世兄,每日自朝至夕,总是温书,三百六十日,除作诗文时,无一刻不温书,真可谓有恒者矣。故予从前限功课教诸弟,近来写信寄弟,从不另开课程,但教诸弟有恒而已。盖士人卖书,第一要有志,第二要有识,第三要有恒。有志则断不敢为下流,有识则知学问无尽,不敢以一得自足,如河伯之观海,如井蛙之窥天,皆无识也。有恒则断无不成之事,此三者,缺一不可。诸弟此时惟有识不可以骤炉,至于有志不恒,则诸弟勉之而已。予身体甚弱,不能苦恩,苦思则头晕,不耐久坐,久坐则倦乏,时时属望,惟诸弟而已。明年正月,恭逢祖父大人七十大寿,京城以进十为正庆;予本拟在戏园设寿筵,窦兰泉及艮峰先生劝止之,故不复张筵,盖京城张筵唱戏,名曰庆寿,实而打把戏;兰泉之劝止,正以此故。现作寿屏两架,一架淳化笺四大幅,系何子贞撰文并书,字有茶碗口大,一架冷金笺八小幅,系吴子序撰文,予自书。淳化笺系内府用纸,纸厚如钱,光彩耀目,寻常琉璃厂无有也。昨日偶有之,因买四张。子贞字甚古,雅惜太太,万不能寄口,奈何奈何?书不能尽言,惟诸弟鉴察,国藩手草。(道光二十二年十二月二十日)附课程表一、主敬、整齐严肃、无时不俱,无事时心在腔子里,应事时专一不杂。二、静坐、每日不拘何时,静坐一会,体验静极生阳来复之仁心,正位凝命,如鼎之锁⑥。三、早起、黎明即起,醒后勿沾恋。四、读书不二、一书未点完,断不看他书,东翻西阅,都是徇外⑦为人。五、读史、廿三史每日读十页,虽有事,不间断。六、写日记、须端谐,凡日问过恶,身过,心过,口过,皆己出,终身不间断。七、日知其所亡⑧、每日记茶余偶谈一则,分德行门,学问门,经济门,艺术门。八、月无忘所能、每月作诗文数首,以验积理之金寡,气之盛否。九、谨言、刻刻留心。十、养气、无不可对人言之事,气藏丹田。十一、保身、谨遵大人手谕,节欲,节劳,节饮食。十二、作字、早饭后作字,凡笔墨应酬,当作自己功课。十三、夜不出门、旷功疲神,切戒切戒!【注释】①晏:迟,晚。②姑:此处指婆母。③洎:到、至。④渊薮:人或事物聚集的地方。⑤骤几:突然接近。⑥:此句意为宁心静气,内心踏实安稳,如鼎镇住一般。⑦徇外:顺从于身外的客观环境。⑧亡:无。【译文】诸位贤弟足下:九弟到家,遍走各亲戚家,一定有一番盛况,为何不详细告诉我?四妹小产,以后生育很难,然而这件事最大,决不可以人力去勉强,要劝他家只要听其自然,不可过于固执。又听说四妹起床最迟,往往是他的姑婆服侍她,这是反常的事情,最容易折去福泽。天下没有不孝的妇女而可以得好处的。弟弟们要时时劝导她,晓之以大义。弟弟们在家读书,不知道每天是如何用功的?我自十月初一日立志自新以来,虽淤懒惰仍如往日,而每天用楷书写日记,读史书十页,生病在记茶余偶读一则,这三件事,没有间断过一回。十月二十一日,发誓永远戒掉吃水烟,至今已经两个月不吃,习惯成自然了,我自己设的课程很多,只是记茶余偶谈,读史十页,写日记楷本,这三件事,发誓终身不同断。弟弟们每天自己设立课程,必须天天不间断,就是行船走路,也要带在身边。我除这三件事以外,其他课程不一定求其有成,而这三件,将终身实行。以前我说过立志作《曾氏家训》一部,曾经与九弟详细说到过,后来因为采择经史,如果不是经史烂熟胸中,那么会割裂零碎,毫无线索,至于采择诸子各家的言论,工作尤其浩繁,虽然抄几百卷,还是不完全。然后才知道古人作《大学衍义》《衍义补》这些书,胸中自有条例,自有议论,而随意引证,不是翻书遍抄。然后才知道著书的难。所以暂时不作《曾氏家训》。如果将来胸中道理多了,议论贯通了,仍旧可以去作。现在朋友愈多,讲求躬行心得的,有镜海先生,艮峰前辈,吴竹如、窦兰泉、冯树堂,穷经悟道的,有吴子序、邵慧西,讲诗、文、字而艺通于道的,有何子贞。才气奔放,有汤海秋。英气逼人,志大神静的,有黄子寿,又有王少鹤,名锡振,广西主事,年二十六岁,张筱甫的妹夫。朱廉甫,名琦,广西乙未翰林。吴莘畲,名尚志,广东人,吴抚台的世兄。庞作人,名文寿,浙江人,这四位,先闻我的名来拜访,虽说他们的学问有深浅,却都是有志之士,不甘居于庸碌辈的人物。京城是人文荟萃之地,不去探求便没有,越去探求就越多。近来听说好朋友很多,我不想先去拜访别人,恐怕徒然标榜虚名。求友用以匡正自己的不到,是大有益处的。标榜以盗虚名,是会受大损失的。天下有获益的事,便有不益的事包含其中,不可不加辨别。黄子寿近作《选将论》一篇,共六千多字,真是奇才。黄子寿戊戊开始作破题,而六年之中,便成就了大学问,这是天分独一无二,万万不是学得到的,弟弟们不必震惊。我不愿弟弟们学他,但愿弟弟们学吴世兄、何世兄。吴竹如的世兄,现在也学艮峰先生记日记。言,有规矩;行,有法则,他的静气工夫实在可爱!何子贞的世兄,每天从早到晚,总是温书。三百六十天,除了做诗文外,无一刻不是温书,真是有恒的人。所以我从前限你们的功课,近来写信从不另开课程,都是要你们有恒罢了。因为士人读书,第一要有志气;第二要有见识;第三要人恒心。有志气就决不甘居下游;有见识就明白学无止境,不敢以一得自满自足,如河伯观海、井蛙窥天,都是无知;有恒心就决没有不成功的事。这三个方面,缺一不可。弟弟们现在只有见识不是马上可以广搏的。至于有志有恒,弟弟勉励吧!我身体很弱,不能若想,苦想便头昏;不能久坐,久坐便倦乏。时刻所盼望的,只有几位弟弟罢了。明年正月,恭逢祖父大人七十大寿。京城以进十为正庆。我本准备在戏园设寿筵,窦兰泉和艮峰先生劝止。所以不准备办。因京城张筵唱戏,名叫庆寿,实际上是打把戏。兰泉之所以劝止,就是这个缘故,现在作了寿屏两架,一架是淳化笺四大幅,是例子贞撰文并书,字有茶碗口大,一架冷金笺,是吴子序撰文,我自己写字。淳化笺是内府用纸,纸旱如钱币,光彩夺目,平常琉璃厂没有,昨天偶尔有了,因此买了四张。子贞的字很古雅,可昔太大,万不能寄回,奈何?书不尽言,请弟弟鉴察,兄国藩手草。(道光二十二年十二月二十日)致诸弟·讲读经史方法【原文】诸位老弟足下:正月十五日接到四弟六弟九弟十二月初五日所发家信,四弟之信三页,语语平实,责我待人不恕,甚为切当。常谓月月书信,徒以空言责弟辈,却又不能实有好消息,令堂站闻之言,疑弟辈粗俗庸碌,使弟辈无地可容云云,此数语,兄读之不觉汗下。我去年曾与九弟闲谈云:“为人子者,若使父母见得我好些,谓诸兄弟俱不及我,这便是不孝,若使族党称道我好些,谓诸兄弟俱不如我,这便是不梯①,何也?盖使父母心中有贤愚之分,使族党②口中有贤愚之分,则必其平日有讨好底意思,暗用机计,使自己得好名声,而使兄弟得坏名声,必其后日之嫌隙,由此而生也。刘大爷刘三爷,兄弟皆想做好人,卒至视如仇雠③,因刘三爷得好名声于父母族党之间,而刘在爷得坏名声故也。”今四弟之所责我者,正是此道理,我所以读之汗下;但愿兄弟五人,各各明白这道理吱此互相原凉,兄弟得坏名为忧,弟兄以得好名为快。兄不能尽道,使弟得今名,是兄之罪,弟不能尽道,使兄得今名,是弟之罪。若各各如此存心,则亿万年无纤芥④之嫌矣。衡阳风俗,只有冬学要紧,自五月以后,师弟皆奉行故事而已。同学之人,类皆庸鄙无志者,又最好讪笑人,其笑法不一,总之不离乎轻薄而已。四弟若到衡阳去,必以翰林⑤之弟相笑,薄俗可恶。乡问无朋友,实是第一恨事,不惟无益,且大有损,习俗染人,所谓与鲍鱼处,亦与之俱化也。兄常与九弟道及,谓衡阳不可以读书,涟演不可以读书,为损友大多故也。今四弟意必从觉庵师游,则千万听兄嘱咐,但取明师之益,无受损友之损也。接到此信,立即率厚二到觉庵师处受业。其束修今年谨具钱十挂,兄于八月准付回,不至累及家中,非不欲人丰,实不能耳。兄所最虑者,同学之人,无志嘻游,端节以后,放散不事事,恐弟与厚二效尤耳,切戒切戒!凡从师必久而后可以获益,四弟与季弟,今年从觉庵师,若地方相安,则明年仍可以游,若一年换一处,是即无恒者见异思迁也,欲求长进难矣。六弟之信,乃一篇绝妙古文,排百⑥似昌黎,拗很⑦似半山,予论古文,总须有倔强不驯之气,愈拗愈深之意,故于太史公⑧外,独取昌黎半山两家。论诗亦取傲兀不群⑨者,论字亦然,每蓄此意而不轻谈。近得何子贞,意见极相合,偶谈一二句,两人相视而笑。不知六弟乃生成有此一技妙笔,往时见弟文亦无大奇特者,今观此信,然后知吾弟真不橱才也,欢喜无极!欢喜无极!凡兄所有志而力不能为者,吾弟皆为之可矣。信中言兄与诸君子讲学,恐其渐成朋党⑩,所见甚是。然弟尽可放心,兄最怕标榜,常存暗然尚沿(11)之意,断不至有所谓门户自表者也。信中言四弟浮躁不虚心,亦切中四弟之病,四弟当视为良友药石之言,信中又言弟之牢骚,非不人之热中,乃志士之惜阴;读至此,不胜惘然!恨不得生两翅忽飞到家,将老弟劝慰一番,纵谈数日乃快。然向使诸弟已入学,则谣言必谓学院傲惰,众口铄金(12),何从辨起?所谓塞翁失马,安知非福?科名迟早,实有前定,虽惜阴念切,正不必以虚名紊怀耳。来信言《礼记》疏一本半,浩浩茫茫,苦无所得,今已尽弃,不敢复阅,现读〈朱子纲目》,日十余页云云;说到此处,不胜悔恨!恨早岁不曾用功,如今虽欲教弟,譬盲者而欲导入之大途也,求其不误难矣,然兄最好苦思,又得诸益友相质证,于读书之道,有必不可易者数端,穷经必专一经,不可泛骛。读经以研寻义理为本,考据名物为末,读至有一耐字诀,一句不通,不看下句,今日不通,明日再读,今年不通,明年再读,此所谓耐也。读史之法,莫妙于设身处地,每看一处,如我便与当时之人,酬酢笑语于其间。不必人人皆能记也。但记一人,则恍如接其人,不必事事皆能记也。但记一事,则恍如亲其事,经以穷理,史以考事,舍此二者。更别无学矣。盖自西汉以至于今,识字之儒,约有三途:曰义理之学,曰考据之学,曰词章之学(13),各执一途,互相诋毁,兄之私意,以办义理之学最大,义理明则躬行有要,而经济有本。词章之学,亦民以发挥义理者也。考据之学,吾无取焉矣,此三途者,皆从事经史,各有门径,吾以为欲读经史,但当研究义理,则心一而不纷。是故经则专一经,史则专主义理,此皆守约之道,确乎不可易者也。若夫经史而外,诸子百家,汗牛充栋,或欲阅之,但当读一人之专集,不当东翻西阅,如读《昌黎集》,则目之所见,耳之所闻,无非昌黎,以为天地间除《昌黎集》而外,更无别书也。此一集未读完,断断不换他集,亦专字诀也。六弟谨记之,读经读史读专集,讲义理之学,此有志者万不可易者也,圣人复起,必从吾言矣。然此亦仅为有大志者言之,若夫为科名之学,则要读四书文,读试律赋,头绪甚多。四弟九弟厚二弟天资较低,必须为名之学,六弟既有大志,虽不科名可也。但当守一耐字诀耳。观来信言读《礼记疏》,似不能耐者,勉之勉之!兄少时天分不甚低,厥后(14)日与庸鄙者处,全无所闻,窍被茅塞(15)久矣。及乙未到京后,始有志学诗古文,并作字之法,亦苦无良友。近年导一二良友,知有所谓经学者,经济者,有所谓躬行实践者,始知范韩(16)可学而至也,马迁韩愈亦可学而至也,程朱亦可学而至也。概然思尽涤前日之污,以为更生之人,以为父母之肖子,以为诸弟之先导。无如体气本弱,耳鸣不止,稍稍用心,便觉劳顿。每日思念,天既限我以不能昔思,是天不欲成我之学问也,故近日以来,意颇疏散。来信又言四弟与季弟从游觉庵师,六弟九弟仍来京中,或肄业城南云云。兄欲得老弟共住京中也,其情如孤雁之求曹也。自九弟辛丑秋思归,兄百计挽留,九弟当言之,及至去秋决计南归,兄实无可如何,只得听其自便。若九弟今年复来,则一岁之内,忽去忽来,不恃堂上诸大人不肯,即旁观亦且笑我兄弟轻举妄动。且两弟同来,途费须得八十金,此时实难措办,六弟言能自为什,亦未历甘苦之言耳。若我今年能得一差,则两弟今冬与朱啸山同来甚好。如六弟不以为然,则再写信来商议可也。九弟之人,写有事详细,惜话说太短,兄则每每太长,以后截长补短为妙!尧阶若有大事,诸弟随去一人,帮他几天。牧云接我长信,何以全无回信?毋乃嫌我话大直乎?扶乩之事,全不足信。九弟总须立志读书,不必想及此此等事。季弟一切,皆须听诸冕话。此次折并走甚急,不暇抄日记本,余容后告。(道光二十三年正月十六日)【注释】①悌:是儒家有关兄弟伦常的道德范畴。②族党:家族、乡党。③仇雠:雠,同仇字,这里指互相看作仇人。④纤芥:细微。⑤翰林:清代设翰林院,以及第进士充之,其官员称翰林。⑥排百:矫健。⑦拗很:曲年生隙。⑧半山:宋代政治家王安石;大史公:汉代史家司马迁。⑨傲兀不群:高做而不流于俗。⑩朋党:小集团,互相勾结。(11)暗然尚沿:沿,罩在外面的单衣服,也指禅衣,这里指糊涂地崇尚禅法。(12)铄金:熔化金子,此处指众口纷纭,奠衷一是。(13)义理之学,即宋明理学;是讲求儒学经义,探究名理的学问:考据:考注据实古书古义的确凿出处与含义。词章:这是研究词赋的学问。(14)厥后,自那以后。(15)窍被茅塞:不开窍,被蒙蔽。(16)范韩:即范仲淹、韩琦等宋代政治家和文学家。【译文】诸位老弟足下:正月十五日接到四弟,六弟、九弟十二月初五日所发的家信,四弟的信三页,句句话平实,责备我对人不讲宽恕。非常对。说每月写信,徒然用空洞的言语责备弟弟,却又不能有实在的好消息,叫堂上大人听到兄长的话,怀疑弟弟们的粗俗庸碌,使弟弟们无地自容。这几句话;为兄的看了不觉出汗。我去年曾经和九弟闲谈,说过:“为人子的,如果使父母看见我好些,其他兄弟都不及我,这便是不孝,如果使族党称赞我好,其他兄弟都不如我,这便不梯。·为什么?因使父母便有讨好的念头,在暗中用计策,使自己得到好名声,而使其它兄弟得坏名声,那以后的嫌隙,便由这里严生。刘大爷、刘三爷,兄弟都想做好人,最后变为仇敌,因刘三爷得好名声于父母族党之中,而刘大爷得坏名声的缘故。”今天四弟所以责备我的,正是这个道理,我所以读了以后汗颜。但愿我们兄弟五个,都明白这个道理,彼此互相原谅。兄长以弟弟得坏名声为忧,弟弟以兄长得吁名声为乐。兄长不能尽道义上的责任,使弟弟得好名声、是兄长的罪过,弟弟不能尽道义上的责任,使兄长得好名声,是弟弟的罪过,如果都这么想,那么一万年也不会有一丝一毫的嫌隙了。衡阳的风俗,只有冬学要紧。自五月以后,老师、弟子都是奉行故事回去罢了。同学的人,都是庸碌鄙俗没有志向的人,又最喜欢讥风人,他们取笑的方法不一样,总之离不开轻松薄二字。四弟如果到衡阳去,他们必定会笑你是翰林的弟弟,真薄俗可恶。乡问没有朋友,实在是第一恨事,不仅没有益处,并且大有害处。习俗传染人,就是说入鲍鱼之室,久而不闻其臭,慢慢同化了。兄氏常和九弟提到,谈衡阳不可以读书,涟滨不可以读书,因为无益有损的朋友大多了的缘故。现在四弟的意思一定要跟觉庵老师学,那千万要听兄长的嘱咐,但学明师的好处增益自己,不要受那些无益有害的朋友的损坏。接到这封信,立即带厚二到觉庵老师处受业。学费今年谨呈钱十挂。兄长在八月准定付回,不至于连累到家里。不是不想还送得丰厚一点,实在是做不到。兄长最感忧虑的是。同学的人,没有志气而一味嬉游。端午节以后,放散不干事,怕弟弟和厚二也跟着学坏样子,切实吝戒啊!凡属从老师受业,一定要经历许久然后可以获益,四弟与季弟,今年从觉庵老师,如果地方相安,明年还继续。如果一年换一个地方,那便是没有恒心,见异思迁,想求得进步难上难。六弟的信,是一篇绝妙的古文,刚健像昌黎,深拗像半山。我论述古文,总要有倔强不驯的气质,越拗越深的意思,所以在太史公以外,独取昌黎、半山两家。论诗也赞成傲兀不群的,论书法也一样。每每这么认为,却不轻易谈论。近来得了何子贞这位朋友,两人意见非常相合,偶尔谈一两句,两个便相对而笑。不知六弟生成有这一枝妙笔,过去时常看见你的文章也没有什么出奇的地方,今天看了这封信,才知道弟弟是一个不羁的人才,欢喜得很!凡属兄长有志向而力不从心的,弟弟你都可以做到。信中说兄长与诸位君子讲学,恐怕日久渐渐成了朋党,所见很是,但是弟弟尽可放心,兄长最怕标榜,常常悄然自谦不表露,决不至于有所谓门户的嫌疑。信中说四弟浮躁不虚心,也切中了四弟的毛病,四弟应当看作良药对待。信中又说弟弟的牢骚,不是小人的热中于此。是志士仁人的爱惜光阴。读到这里,不禁惘然有所失!恨不得生两个翅膀飞到家里,将老弟劝慰一番,纵谈几天才快活。然而即使弟弟都入了学,那些谣言又会说学院里徇了情,众口烁金,从何去辩解?所谓塞翁失马,安知非福?科名迟早,实在是前生注定。虽说是爱惜光阴的念头很迫切,而不必为了那个虚名而耿耿于怀。来信说看了《礼记疏》一本半,浩浩荡荡,苦无所得,今已废弃,不敢再读,现读《朱子纲目》,每天十多页。说以这里,兄长不胜悔恨,恨早年不曾用功,如今虽想教弟弟,好比瞎子相引路,只能指引大路,要求一点不错,太难了:但兄长最喜欢苦思,又得几位益友相互质问证实,对于读书的道理,一定有共同不易的几个方面。穷经必专心一经,不可广泛骛多。读经以研究寻找义理为本,考据各物为末。读经有一个耐字诀窍,一句不通,不看下句,今天不通,明天再读,今年不通,明年再读,这就叫耐心。读史的方法,最妙的办法是设身处地。每看一处,好比我就是当时的人,应酬宴请在其中。不必要人人都能记得,只记一人,好像在接近这个人一样;不必要事事能记得,只记一事,好像亲临其事。经,主要是究追其理;史,主要是考实其事。离开这两方面,别无可学。因为从西汉以至于今,识字的读书人,大约有三种途径:一是义理之学;一是考据之学;一是词章之学。往往各执一门学问,而去攻击其他两门学问。兄长的私人意见;以为义理之学最大。义理明白了,那实行起来更可抓主要害,经济臣有了根本,词章之学,也是发挥义理的。考据之学,我觉得没有可取。这三种途径,都从事经史,各有各的门径。我觉得想读经史,便应研究义理,那样更专一而不分散。所以经要专守一经,史要专熟一史,读经史专主义理,这都是守约的道理,的确不可改的。假如说到经史以外,诸子百家,汗牛充栋。或者想读它,但应当读一人的专集,不应当东翻西翻。如读《昌黎集》,那眼睛看的,耳朵听的,无非昌黎而已,以为天地间除《昌黎集》外,再没有其他书了。这一集没有读完,决不换他集,也是专字诀窍。六弟谨记住,读经读史读专业,讲义理之学,这是有志的人万不可改易的。圣人复起,也一定听从我的话。然而,也仅仅为有大志的人而言。假若说到科名之学,则要读四书文,读试律赋,头绪很多。四弟九弟厚二弟天资较低,必须做科名的学问。六弟既然有大志,不图科名可以,但要守一耐字诀。看来信说读《礼记疏》,似乎不能耐,勉之勉之!兄长少时天分不低,以后天天与庸碌鄙俗的人相处,完全没有见闻,窍要的地方被闭塞很久。以乙未年到京城后,开始有志学诗、古文和书法,只惜没有良友。近年寻一两个良友,才知道有所谓经学、经济者,有所谓躬行实践者,才知道范、韩可以学到手,司马迁、韩愈仓可以学到手,程、朱也可以学到手。感慨之余,便想尽洗过去的污秽,以为新人,以为父母的孝子,以为弟弟们的先导。无如体气太弱,耳鸣不止,稍稍用心,便感劳累。每天思念,天老爷既限制我不能苦思,那是天不要我成就我的学问。所以近日以来意志很疏懒松散。来信又说四弟与季弟地从觉庵老师受业,六弟九弟仍然来京,或肄业城南,等等,兄长想得弟弟们共住京城,这种感情好比孤雁的求群。自从九弟辛丑秋想回家,兄长百计挽留,九弟可以证明这一点。及到去年秋决计南方兄长实在没有办法,只得听他自便。如果九弟今年再来,则一年之内,忽去忽来,不仅堂上大人不肯,就是旁观者也会笑我兄弟轻举妄动。并且两弟同来,路费要花八十金,现在实在难以措办,六弟说能够自己解决,也是没有经历过甘苦的话。如果我今年能得到一个差事,两弟今年冬天与朱啸山同来好了,如六弟不以为然,那再写信来商量。九弟的信,写家事详细,可惜话说得太短。兄长写信常常太长,以后截长补短为好。尧阶如果有大事,弟弟中随去一人,帮他几天,牧云接我长信,为何没有回信?是不是嫌我的话太直了?扶乩的事,完全不可信。九弟总要立志读书,不要想这些事。季弟一切,都要听诸位哥哥的话,这次通信兵走得很急,不得闲抄日记本,其余容我以后再告。(道光二十三年正月十六日)致六弟·述学诗习字之法【原文】温甫六弟左右:五月廿九,六月初一,连接弟三月初一,四月廿五,五月初一,三次所发之信,并四书文二茸,笔力实实可爱!信中有云:“于兄弟出直达其隐,父子祖孙间,不得不曲致其情。”此数语有大道理。余之行事,每自以为至诚可质天地,何妨直情径行。昨接四弟信,始知家人天亲之地,亦有时须委曲以行之者、吾过矣!吾过矣!香海为人最好,吾虽未与久居,而相知颜深,尔以兄事之可也。丁秩臣王衡臣两君,吾皆未见,在约可为弟之师,或师之,或友之,在弟自为审择。若果威仪可则①,淳实宏通②,师之可也。若仅博雅能文,友之可也。或师或友,皆宜常存敬畏之心,不宜视为等夷,渐至慢亵③,则不复能受其益矣。弟三月之信,所定功课太多,多则必不能专,万万不可。后信言已向陈季牧借《史记》,此不可不看之书;尔既看《史记》,则断不可看他书。功课无一定呆法,但须专耳。余从前教诸弟,常限以功课,近来觉限人以课程,往往强人以所难;苟其不愿,虽日日遵照限程,亦复无益,故近来教弟,但有一专字耳。专字之外,又有数语教弟,兹待将冷金笺写出,弟可贴之座右,时时省览,并抄一付,寄家中三弟。香海言时文须家《东莱博议》,甚是,弟先须用笔圈点一遍,然后自选几篇读熟,即不读亦可。无论何书,总须从首至尾,通看一遍;不然,乱翻几页,摘抄几篇,而此书之大局精处,茫然不知也,学诗从《中州集》人亦好,然吾意读总集,不如读专集,此事人人意见各殊,嗜好不同,吾之嗜好,于五古则喜读《文选》,于七古则喜读《昌黎集》,于五律则喜读《杜集》④,七律亦最喜《杜诗》,而苦不能步趋,故兼读《元遗山集》。吾作诗最短于七律,他体皆有心得,惜京都无人可与畅语者。弟要学诗,先须看一家集,不要东翻两阅,先须学一体,不可各体同学,盖明一体,则皆明也。凌笛舟最善为诗律,若在省,弟可就之求救。习字临千字文亦可,但须有恒,每日临一百字,万万无间断,则数年必成书家矣,陈季牧多喜谈字,且深思善悟,吾见其寄岱云信,实能知写字之法,可爱可畏!弟可以从切磋,此等发学之友,愈多愈好。来信要我寄诗回南,余今年身体不甚壮健,不能用心,故作诗绝少;仅作感春诗七古五章,慷慨悲歌,自谓不让陈卧子,而语太激烈,不敢示人。是仅应酬诗数首,了无可观;项作寄贤弟诗二首,弟观之以为何如?京笔现在无便可寄,总在秋间寄回,若无笔写,暂向陈季牧借一技,后日还他可也;国藩手草。(道光二十三年六月初六日)【注释】①威仪可则:则,效法。此意为威风凛凛的仪态可以效法。②淳实宏通:淳厚朴实而且宽宏通过。③慢亵:怠慢、轻视。④《杜集》:唐代诗人杜甫的文集。【译文】温甫六弟左右:五月二十九日,六月初一,接连收到弟弟三月初一,四月二十五,五月初一,三次所发的信,并四书文两篇,笔力确实可爱!信中说,“在兄弟面前直接了当陈速自己的隐情,父子祖孙之间,不得不转弯抹角的表达自己的衷曲。”这几句有大道理。我的办事,每每认为自己是上片至诚可问天地,直接了当又有什么不好?昨接四弟的信,才知道即使是至亲,有时也要委曲行事。这是我的过错!这是我的过错!香海为人很好,我虽然和他住在一起不久,而了解很深,你可以兄长对待他。丁秩臣、王衡臣两位,我都没有见过,大约可以作弟弟的老师。是认他为师,还是认他为友,弟弟自己决定如果真是威仪可为表率,淳朴实在,宠博通达,认为老师可以。如果只是博雅能文,认为朋友可以。不论是认为师或认为友,都要抱一种敬畏的心理,不要等闲视之,慢慢就怠慢亵读了人家,那便不能受到教益。弟弟三月的信,所定功课大多,多了就不专了,万万不可以。后信说已向陈季牧借《史记》,这是不可不熟读的书。你既然读《史记》,便不能看其他书了。功课没有一定的呆办法,只是要专。我从前教各位弟弟,常常限定功课,近来得这样做是强人所难,如果你们不愿意,虽说天天遵守限定功课的进程,也没有益处。所以近来教弟弟,只强调一个专字。专字以外,又有几句话告诉弟弟,现特地用冷金笺写出来,弟弟可以贴在座右,时刻看看,并抄一付,寄家中的三位弟弟。香海说学时文要学《东莱博义》,很对,弟弟先用笔圈点一遍,然后自选几篇读熟,就是不读也可以。无论什么书,总要从头到尾,通读一遍。不然,乱翻几页,摘抄几篇,而这本书的大的布局,它的精彩之处,却茫然不知道,学诗从《中州集》入手也好,然而,我的意思,读总集不如读专集。这种事情,每个人的看法不同,嗜好也不同。我的嗜好,于五古则喜欢《文选》,于七古则喜欢读《昌黎集》,于五律则喜欢读《杜集》,七律也最喜欢杜诗,而苦于不能一步一趋,所以兼读《元遗山集》。我作诗最不会作七律,其他体裁都有心得,可惜京城里没有入可以在一起畅谈。弟弟要学诗,先要看一家集,不要东翻西看,先要学一体,不可各体同时学,因为明白了一体,便都明白了。凌笛舟最长于诗律,如果在省,弟弟可以就近求教。习字临干字文也可以,但要有恒。每天临帖一百字,万万不要间断,那么几年下来,便成了书法家。陈季牧喜欢读书法,并且能深思善悟,我看过他给岱云的信,实在了解书法之诀窍,可爱又可畏!弟弟可以和他切磋。这样好学的朋友,越多越好。来信要我寄诗回去,我今年身体不壮健,不能用心,所以做诗非常少,仅仅作了感春诗七古五章,慷慨悲歌,自己说不让陈卧子,但辞语太激烈,不敢给别人看。其余仅是应酬诗几首,没有什么可观的。现作寄贤弟诗两首,弟弟看后以为如何?京笔现在没有便人带寄,总在秋天寄回。如果没有笔写,暂时向陈季牧借一枝,日后还他好了。兄国藩手草。(道光二十三年六月初六日)致诸弟·劝述孝悌之道【原文】澄侯叔淳季洪三弟左右:五月底连接三月初一,四月十八,两次所发家信。四弟之信,具见真性情,有困心衡虑郁积思通之象①。此事断不可求速效,求速效必助长,非徒无益,而又害之。必要日积月累,如愚公之移山,终久必有豁然贯通之侯,愈欲速则愈锢蔽②矣,来书往往词不达意,我能深谅其苦。今人都将学字看错了,若细读贤贤易色③一章,则绝大学问,即在家庭日用之间:于孝悌两字上,尽一分,便是一分学,尽十分,便是十分学,今人读书皆为科名起见,于孝悌耸纪之大,反似与书不相关。殊不知书上所载的,作工时所代圣贤的,无非要明白这个道理。若果事事做得,即笔下说不出何妨;若事事不能做,并有亏于伦纪之大,即文章说得好,亦只算个名教中之罪人。贤弟性情真挚,而短于诗文,何不日日在孝悌两字上用功?《曲礼》内则④所说的,句句依他做出,务使祖父母父母叔父母无一时不安乐,无一时不用适;下而兄弟妻子,皆蔼然⑤有恩,秩然有序,此真大学问也!若诗文不好,此时事不足计,即好极亦不值一钱,不知贤弟肯则听此语否?科名之气以可贵者,诈其足以承堂上之欢也,也谓禄仕⑥可以养亲也。今吾已得之矣,即使诸弟不得。亦可以承欢,亦可以养亲,何必兄弟尽得哉?贤弟若细思此理,但于孝梯上用功,不于诗文上用功,则诗文不期进而自进矣。凡作字总须得势,使一笔可以走千里。三弟之字,笔笔无势,是以局促不能远纵,去年曾与九弟说及,想近来已忘之矣。九弟欲看余白折,余所写折子甚少,故不付。地仙为人主葬,害人一家,丧良心不少,未有不家败人亡者,不可不力阻凌云也。至于纺棉之说,中直隶之三河县灵寿县,无论贫富男妇,人人纺布为生,如我境之耕田为生也。江甫之妇人耕田,独三河之男人纺布也。湖南如浏阳之夏布,祁阳之葛布,宜昌之棉花,皆无论贫富男妇人,皆依以为业,并此不足为骇异也。第风俗难以这变,必至骇人听闻,不如删去一段为妙!书不尽言。国藩手草。(道光二十三年六月初六日)【注释】①这句话意谓困苦心志、竭力思考,百思不得其解的样子。②锢蔽:禁锢、蒙蔽。③贤贤易色:此句出于《论语》中,意为孝亲之道。④《曲礼内则》:此系儒家经典之一的《礼记》中之篇名。⑤蔼然:和蔼可亲的样子。⑥禄仕:做官的俸禄。【译文】澄侯、叔淳、季洪三弟左右:五月底连接三月初一,四月十八日两次所发家信,四弟的信,都见真性情,有困心衡虑、郁积思通的气象,这件事决不可以求快,快了便成了拨苗助长,不仅没有益处,而且有害。只要日积月累,像愚公移山一样,终有豁然贯通的时侯,越起快越易锢、蔽塞,来信往往词不达意,我能谅解他的苦衷。今天的人都把学字看锗了。如果仔细读贤贤易色一章,那么绝大的学问,就在家庭日用中间,在孝、悌二字上尽一分,便是一分学,尽十分,便是十分学。今天的人读书,都是为了科名,对于孝、悌、伦、纪的大义,反而似乎与读书不相干,殊不知书上所写的,作文时代圣贤说的,无非是要明白这个道理。如果真的事事做到,那么就是笔下写不出来,又有什么关系呢?如果件件事不能做,并且有亏于伦纪之大义,那即使文章说得好,也只算得一个名孝中的罪人。贤弟性情真挚,而不善诗文,何不天天在孝、悌两字上下工夫?《曲礼》内则所说的,句句依它去做,务使祖父母、父母、叔父母没有一时不安乐,没有一刻不舒适。往下对于兄弟妻子,都和蔼有恩,井然有序,这真是大学问。如果诗人不好,这是小事不必计较,就是好得不得了也不值一个钱。不知道贤弟肯听这话不?科名之所以不贵,是说它足以承堂上大人的欢心,说拿了俸中禄可以养亲。现在,我已得到,即使弟弟们不得,也可以承欢,也可以养亲,何必各位弟弟都得呢?贤弟如果细想这个道理,而在孝、悌上用功,不在诗文上用功,那么诗文不希望它进步都自然会进步。凡写字总要得一种势头,使一笔可以走千里。三弟的字,笔笔没有气势,所以局促而不能远纵。去年曾经和九弟说过,我想是近来忘记了吧。九弟想看我的白折,我所写的折子很少,所以不寄了。地仙为人家主持丧事,害人一家,丧良心不少,没有不家败人亡的,不可以不极力去阻止凌云。至于纺棉花的说法,如直隶的三河县、灵寿县,无论贫与富,男与女,人入纺布为生,好比我们那儿靠耕田为生一样,江南的妇女耕田,如同三河的男人纺布是一样,湖南如浏阳的夏布,祁阳的葛布,宜昌的棉花,都是不论贪官男女,都依靠以为生计,这并不足奇怪。只是风俗难于速变,一定要骇人听闻,不如删去一段为纱删言,兄国藩手草。(道光二十三年六月初六日)致诸弟·温经更增长见识【原文】四位老弟左右:二月初十日,黄仙垣来京,接到家信,备悉一切,欣慰之至。朱啸山亦于是日到,现与家心斋同居。伊兄代伊觅得房子,距余寓甚近,不过一箭远耳。郭筠仙现尚未到,余已为凭本胡同关帝庙房,使渠在庙中住,在余家伙食。冯树堂正月初六日来余家,抉会试后再行上学,因小儿春间怕冷故也。树堂于二月十三日考国子监学正,题而耻恶衣恶食者二句,不以天下奉一人策,共五百人入场,树堂写作俱佳,应可以得。陈岱云于初六日移寓报国寺,其配之枢,亦停寺中。岱云哀伤异常,不可劝止,作祭文一篇三千余字,余为作墓志铭一首,不知陈宅已寄归否?余懒腾寄也。四川门生,现已到廿余人,我县会试者,大约可十五人,甲午同年,大约可念五六人。然有求于者,颇不乏人。余今年应酬更繁,幸身体大好,迥①不似从前光景,面胖而润,较前稍白矣。耳鸣亦好十之七八,尚有微根未断,不过月余可全好也。内人及儿子两女皆好,陈氏小儿在余家乳养者亦好。六弟九弟在城南读书,得罗罗山为师,甚妙!然城南课以亦宜应,不应,恐山长不以为然也,所作诗文及功课,望日内付来。四弟季弟从觉庵师读,自佳;四弟年已渐长,须每日看史书十页,无论能得科名与否,总可以稍长可识。季弟每日须看史,然温经更要紧,今年不必急急赴试也,余容后陈。国藩手具。(道光二十四年二月十四日)【注释】①运:绝然,完全。【译文】四位老弟左右:二月初十日,黄仙垣来京,接到家信,备悉一切,欣慰之至。朱啸山也在当天到,住心斋那里。他兄代他找到房子,离我家很近,不过一箭之地,郭筠仙还没有到,我已经为他租了本胡同关帝庙的房子,让他在庙里住,在我家吃饭。冯树堂正月初六日来我家,准备会试以后再上学,因小儿春间怕冷的缘故。树堂在二月二三日考国子监学正,题目是“而耻恶衣恶食者”两句,“不以天下奉一人策”,共五百人入场。树堂写作俱佳,应该可以考上。陈岱云在初六日移住报国寺,他的夫人灵枢,也停在寺里。岱云非常哀痛,不能劝止,作祭文一篇,三千多字,我为他夫人作了墓志铭,不知陈家已寄回去没有?我懒得誉写寄了。四川门生,现在到了二十多个。我县会试的,大约十五人,甲午同年,大约二十五、六人。然而,有求于我的,还颇为不少呢。我今年应酬更多,幸亏身体大好,完全不像从前,脸胖而红润,比以前白。耳鸣也好了十之六八,还有点儿没有断根,不过个把月即可全好,内人及儿女都好、陈家小儿在我家乳养,也好。六弟、九弟在城南读书,得罗罗山为老师,很妙!然而城南的课也似乎要应付,不然,恐怕山长不以为然,所作诗文及功课,望日内寄来,四弟季弟从觉庵师读书,自然好。四弟年纪逐渐大了,要每天看史书十页,不管得不得科名,总可以稍长见识。季弟每天要看史,但温习经书更要紧,今年不急于赴考。余容后陈,兄国藩手具。(道光二十四年八月十八日)致诸弟·勿为时文所误【原文】四位老弟足下:余于三月廿四,移寓前门内西边碾儿胡同,与城外消息不通,四月间到折差一次,余竟不知,迫既知而折差已去矣。惟四月十九欧阳小岑南归,余寄衣箱银物并信一件。四月廿四梁录庄南归,余寄书卷零物并信一件。两信皆仅数语,至今想尚未到,四月十三黄仙垣南归,余寄闱墨,并无书信,想亦未到。兹将三次所寄各物,另开清单付回,待三人到时,家中照单查收可也。内城现住房共廿八间,每月房租京钱三十串,极为宽敝,冯树堂郭筠仙所住房皆清洁。甲三三月廿四日上学,天分不高不低。现已读四十天,读至自修斋至平治矣。因其年大小,故不加严,已读者字皆能认。两女皆平安,陈岱云之子,在余家亦甚好。内人身子如常,同又有喜,大约九月可生。余体气较去年略好,近因应酬太紧,天气渐热,又有耳鸣之病。今年应酬,较往年更增数倍,第一为人写对联条幅,合四川湖南两省,求书者几日不暇给。第二公车来借钱者甚多,无论有借无借,多借少借,皆须婉言款待。第三则请酒拜客,及会馆公事。第四则接见门生,颇费精神。又加以散馆殿试,则代人料理,考差则自己料理,诸事亢杂,遂无暇读书矣。五月十一日,接到四月十三家信,内四站六弟各文二首,九弟季弟各文一首,四弟东皋课文甚洁净,诗亦稳妥,则何以哉一篇,亦清顺有法。第词句多不圆足,笔亦平沓不超脱,平沓最为文家所忌,宜力求痛改此病,六弟笔爽利,近亦渐就范围,然词意平庸,无才气峥嵘之处,非吾意中之温甫也,如六弟之天姿不凡,此时作文,当求议论纵横,才气奔放,作如火如荼之文,将来庶①有成就。不然,一挑半剔,意浅调插,即使获售,亦当渐其文之浅薄不堪。若其不售,则又两失之矣。今年从罗罗山游,不知罗山意见如何,吾谓六弟今年入泮②固妙,万一不入,则当尽弃前功,一志从事于先辈大家之文。年过二十,不为少矣。若再扶墙摩壁,役役于考卷搭截小题之中,将来时过而业仍不精,必有悔恨于失计者,不可不早图也,余当日实见不到此,幸而早得科名,未受其害,向使至今未尝入泮,则数十年从事于吊渡映带之间,仍然一无所得,岂不腼颜③也哉?此中误人终身多矣,温甫以世家之子弟,负过人之姿质,即使终不入泮,尚不至于饥寒,奈可亦以考卷误终身也?九弟要余改文详批,余实不善改小考文,当请曹西垣代改,下次折弁付回。季弟文气清爽异常,喜出望外,意亦层出不穷。以后务求才情横溢,气势充畅,切不可挑剔敷衍,安于康陋④,勉之勉之!初不基不可不大也。书法亦有褚字笔意,尤为可喜!总之吾所望于诸弟者,不在科名之有无,第一则孝悌为端,其次则文章不朽,诸弟若果能自立,当务其大者远者,毋徒汲汲于进学也。冯树堂郭筠仙在寓,看书作文,功无间断。陈季牧日日习字,亦可畏也!四川门生留京约二十人,用功者颇多。余不尽言。国藩草。(道光二十四年五月十二日)【注释】①庶:将近。②入泮:泮,是旧时学宫前的水池。入泮,喻指童蒙入学宫,也指生童考中秀才。③腼颜:脸面无光,惭愧。④庸陋:庸欲、浅陋。【译文】四位老弟足下:我于三月二十四日,移到前门内西边碾儿胡同居住,与城外不通消息。四月间到通信兵一次,我竟不知道,等到知道通信兵已经走了。四月十九日,欧阳小岑回湖南,我托寄衣箱银物和信一件。四月二十四日,梁录庄回湖南,我托他带书卷零物和信一件。两封信都只有几句话,至今想必还没有到。四月十三日,黄仙垣回湖南,我寄闱墨,没有信,想必也没有到,现把三次所寄各物,另开清单付回,等三人到时,家里照单查收。内城的住房一共二十八间;每月房租京钱三十串,很是宽敝。冯树堂、郭筠仙所住房屋,都清洁。甲三在三月二十四日上学,天分不高不低,现在已读了四十天,读到修齐到平治。因年龄大小,所以管得不严,已读的字都认得。两个女儿都平安。陈岱云的儿子,在我家也很好。内人的身体如常,现在又怀孕,大约九月间可以生。我的身体比去年略好些,近来因为应酬太繁忙,天气渐热,又发了耳鸣病。今年应酬。几倍于往年。第一,是为别人写对联、条幅,四川、湖南两省合计起来,求书的人几乎日不暇给。第二是公车来借钱的很多,不管有借没有借,借多借少,都要婉言接待。第三是请酒拜客和会馆的公事。第四是接见门生,颇费精神。又加上散馆殴试,代人料理,考差自己料理,这么多事,便没有时间读书了。五月十一日,接到四月十三日家信。其中,四弟六弟文章各一篇,九弟季节文章各一篇。四弟东皋课文很干净,诗也稳妥。《则何以哉》一篇,也清顺有法。只是词句不够圆足,笔力也平沓不超脱。平铺直叙最为作文所忌,要力戒这个毛病。六弟笔锋爽利,近来也能就范围、不跑题,但词意平庸,没有才气和峥嵘骨格,不是我想像中的温甫。以六弟的不凡天姿,这时作文,当求议论纵横,才气奔放,做出如火如荼的文章,将来也许有所成就。不然,一挑半剔,意浅调卑,就是得志,也当惭愧文章大浅薄不堪了。如果不得志,那又两方面都失掉了。今年从罗罗山学。不知罗山意见如何?我说六弟今年放学固然很妙,万一不入,应当尽弃前功,一心从事于先辈大家的文章。年过二十,不年轻了,如果再扶墙摩壁,热中于考试截那些小题目中,将来时间过去了,而学业仍然不精,必有悔恨自己失策的一夭,不可以不早自为谋划。我当日实在 没有看到这点,幸亏早得了科名,未受其害。就是至今没有入学,那几十年从事于吊渡映带之间,仍然一无所得,那不是腼颜吗?这中间误人终身的大多。温甫以世家子弟,又有过人的姿质,就算不能入学,还不至于饥寒,为什么也要在考卷上误终身呢?九弟要我修改他的文章,详细批注,我实在不会改小考文章,当请曹西垣代改,下次通信兵付回。季弟文气清爽异常,喜出望外,意境也层出不穷。以后务求才气横溢,气势充畅,切不可挑剔敷衍,安于庸陋,勉之勉之!初不基不可不大。书法也有椿字笔意,尤其可喜!总之,我希望于弟弟们的,不在科名的有无,第一是孝、悌,其次才是文章不朽。弟弟如果真能自立,应当去抓大的、长远的,不要徒然汲汲于进学一件事。冯树堂、郭筠仙在京城寓所,看书作文,工夫不间断,陈季牧天天习字,也可畏,四川门生留京的大约二十人,用功的很多。其余不一一说了。兄国藩草。(道光二十四年五月十二日)禀父母·教弟注重看书【原文】国藩跪禀父母亲大人万福金安。初十日顺天乡试发榜,湖南中三人,长沙周荇农中南元。率五之归,本拟附家心斋处,因率五不愿坐车,故附陈岱云之弟处,同坐粮船。昨岱云自天津归云:“船不甚好。”男颇不放心,幸船上人多,应可无虑。诸弟考试后。闻肄业小罗庵巷,不知勤惰若何?此时惟季弟较小,三弟俱年过二十,总以看书为主。我邑惟彭薄墅先生看画略多,自后无一人讲究者,大抵为考试文章所误。殊不知看书与考试,全不相碍,彼不看书者,亦仍不利考如故也。我家诸弟,此时无论考试之利不利,无论文章之工不工①,总以看书为急。不然,则年岁日长,科名无成,学问亦无一字可靠,将来求为塾师②而不可得。或经或史,或诗集文集,每日总要看二十页。今年以来,无日不看书,虽万事业忙,亦不废正业。闻九弟意欲与刘霞仙同读书,霞仙近来见道甚有所得,九弟若去,应有进益,望大人斟酌行之,不敢自主。此事在九弟自为定计,若愧奋直前,有破釜沉舟之志,则远游不负。若徒悠忽因愣,则近处尽可度活,何必远行百里外哉?求大人察九弟之志而定计焉,余容续陈。国藩谨禀。(道光二十四年九月十九日)【注释】①文章工不工:此意为文章精美与否。工,精细、完美。②塾师:封建时代乡村私塾学堂里的教书先生。③悠忽因循:摇摆不定,循环往复。【译文】儿子国藩跪禀父母亲大人万福金安。初十日顺天乡试发榜,湖南中了三个,长沙周荇农中了南元。率五回,本准备放在心斋处一起回,因率五不愿坐车,所以附在陈岱云弟弟那里,同坐粮船。昨天岱云从天津回来说:“船不怎么好。”儿子颇为担心。幸亏船上人多,应该没有什么可虑的。各位弟弟考试以后,听说肄业小罗庵巷,不知勤情情况如何?这时只有季弟小,其他三个都过了二十,总以看书为主。我们家乡只有彭薄墅先生看书略多,自他以后没有一个人讲究了,大抵是为考试文章所误。殊不知看书与考试,全不互相妨碍。不看书的,也仍然不利于考。我家各位弟弟,现在不管考试利与不利,不管文章工与不工,总以看书为急需之事。不然,年纪一天天大了,科名没有成就,学问也没有一个字可靠,将来就是想做乡下私塾的教书先生也没有人请。或经或史,或诗集文集,每天总要看二十页。儿子今年以来,没有一天不看书,虽说万事丛忙,也不废正业。听说九弟想与刘霞仙同伴读书,霞仙近来学问很有心得,九弟如果去,应该有益处,希望大人反复斟酌,儿子不敢作主,这件事在九弟应自己定计,如果发奋向前,破釜沉舟的志气。那么就不负这种远游。如果徒然悠忽因循,那在近处尽可以过日子,何若跑到百里之外去呢?求大人观察九弟的志向再定夺。其余以后禀告。儿子国藩谨禀。(道光二十四年九月十九日)致诸弟·必须立志猛进【原文】四位老弟足下,自七月发信后,未接诸弟信,乡间寄信,较省城寄信百倍之难,故余亦不望。然九弟前信,有意与刘霞仙同伴读书,此意甚佳,霞仙近来读朱子书,大有所见,不知其言话容止,规模气象如何?若果言动有礼,威仪可则,则直以为师可也,岂特友之哉?然与之同居,亦须真能取益乃佳,无徒浮慕虚名;人苟能自立志,则圣贤毫杰,何事不可为?何必借助于人?我欲仁,斯仁至矣。我欲为孔孟,则日夜孜孜,惟孔孟之是学,人谁得而御①我哉?若自己不立志,则虽日与尧舜禹汤同住,亦彼自彼,我自我矣,何与于我哉?去年温甫欲读书省城,我以为离却家门局促之地,而与省城诸胜己者处,其长进当不可限量,乃两年以来,看书亦不甚多,至于诗文,则绝无长进,是不得归咎于地方之促也。去年余为择师丁君叙忠,看以丁君处太远,不能从,余意中遂无他师可从。今年弟自择罗罗山改文,而嗣后沓无消息,是又不得归咎于无良友也。日月逝矣,再过数年,则满三十,不能不趁三十以前,立志猛进也。余受父教而余不能教弟成名,此余所深愧者;他人与余交,多有受余益者,而独诸弟不能受受之益,此又余所深恨者也!今寄霞仙信一封,诸弟可抄存信稿而细玩之,此余数年来学思之力,略具大端。六弟前嘱余将所作诗抄录寄回,余往年皆未存稿,近近存稿者,不过百余首耳,实无暇抄写,待明年将全本付回可也。国藩草。(道光二十四年九月十九日)【注释】①御:抵御,阻止。【译文】四位老弟足下:自七月发信以后,没有接到弟弟们的信。乡里寄信,比省城寄信要难百倍,所以我也不望。然而九弟前次信中说他有意与刘霞仙同伴读书,这个想法很好。霞仙近来读《朱子》的书,大有所见,但不知道他的谈吐容貌、规模气象怎样?如果言语行为有礼。威仪可为表率,那么师从他也可以,哪里只限于朋友呢?但与他同住,也要真能收益才好,不要徒然仰慕别人的虚名。一个人假若自己能立志,那么,圣贤豪杰,什么事情不可为?何必一定要借助别人呢?我想仁,仁便达到了。我要做孔、孟,那就日夜孜孜以求,惟有孔、孟才去学,那又谁能抵御得住呢?如果自己不立志,那丢虽说天天与尧、舜、禹、汤同住,也是他是他,我是我,又与我有何关系?去年温甫想到省城读书,我以为离开家庭局促的狭小天地,而与省诚那些强过自己的人相处,进步一定不可限量的。两年以来,看书也很多,至于诗文,则决没有长进,因而不得归咎于天地的局促。去年我为他选择丁君叙忠,后来因丁君处大远了,不从,我意中便没有其他老师可从了。今年弟弟自己选择罗罗山改文,以后却杳无消息,历而又不得归咎于没有良师益友。日月时光飞逝了;再过几年,就满三十,不能不趁三十岁前,立志猛进。我受父亲教育,而不能教弟弟成名,这是我深感惭愧的。别人与我交,多数受到我的益处,而独独几位弟弟不能受益,这又是我深尧痛恨的。今寄霞仙信一封,各位弟弟可抄下来细细把玩,这是我数年来学习思考的力作,规模大体上具备了。六弟嘱咐我把作的诗抄录寄回,我往年都没有存槁,近年存了稿的,不过百多首。实在没有时间抄写,等明年把全本付回好了。国藩草。(道光二十四年九月十九日)致诸弟·读书必须有恒心【原文】四位老弟足下:前月寄信,想已接到。余蒙祖宗遗泽①,祖父教训,幸得科名,内顾无所忧,外遇无不如意,一无所缺矣。所望者,再得诸弟强立,同心一力,何患令名不显,何愁家运这不兴。欲别立课程,多讲规条,使诸弟遵而行之,又恐诸弟习见而生厌心;欲默默而不言,又非长兄督责之道。是以往年常示诸弟以课程,近来则只教以有恒二字。所望于诸弟者,但将诸弟每月功课,写明告我,则我心大慰矣!乃诸弟每次写信,从不将自己之业写明,乃好言家事及京中诸事;此时家中重庆②,外事又有我照料,诸弟一概不管可也。以后写信,但将每月作诗几首,作文几首,看书几卷,详细告我,则后写信,但将每月作诗几首,作文几首,看书几卷,详细告我,则我欢喜无量!诸弟或能为科名中人,或能为学问中人,其父母之令子一也,我之允喜一也。慎弗以科名稍迟,而遂谓无可自力也。如霞仙今日之身分,则比等闲之秀才高矣。若学问愈进,身分愈高,则等闲之举人进士,又不足论矣。学问之道无穷,而总以有恒为主,兄往年极无恒,近年略好,而犹未纯熟。自七月初一起,至今则无一日间断,每日临帖百字,抄书百字,看书少须满二十页,多则不论。自七月起,至今已看过《王荆公③全集》百卷,《归震川④文集》四十卷,《诗经大全》二十卷,《后汉书》百卷,皆朱笔加圈批。虽极忙,亦须了本日功课,不以昨日耽搁,而今日补做,不以明日有事,而今日预做。诸弟若能有恒如此,则虽四弟中等之资,亦当有所成就,况六弟九弟上等之资乎?明年肄业之所,不知已有定否?或在家,或在外,无不可者,谓在家不好用功,此巧于卸责者也。吾争在京,日日事务纷冗,而犹可以不间断,况家中万万不可及此间之纷冗乎?树堂均仙自十月起,每十日作文一首,每日看书十五页,亦极有恒。诸弟试将《朱子纲目》过笔圈点,定以有恒,不过数月,即圈完矣。若看注疏⑤,每经不过数月即完,切勿以家中有事,而间断看书之事,又勿以考试将近,而间断看书之课。虽走路之日,到店亦可看,考试之日,出场亦可看也。兄日夜悬望,独此有恒二字告诸弟,伏愿诸弟刻刻留心。兄国藩手草。(道光二十四年十一月廿一日)【注释】①遗泽:祖辈遗留下来的恩泽。②重庆:旧时指祖父母、父母为健在。③王荆公:宋代政治家王安石。④归震川:明代学者归有光。⑤注疏:后人对前代文章典籍所作注解、疏证。【译文】四位老弟足下:前月寄的信,想已接到。我承蒙祖宗留下的遗泽,祖父的教训,幸运的得了科名。没有内顾之忧,却有得意的外遇,算是一无所缺了,所希望的,是弟弟们个个自强自立,同心协力,又怕什么名声不显赫,家运不兴旺呢,想另立课程,多讲条规,使弟弟们遵行,又恐怕弟弟们见而生厌;想默默不说,又怕失了兄长督责的道义。所以往年常限弟弟们的功课,近来只强调有恒二字,所希望弟弟们的,是把每月功课,写明白告诉我,那我的心里便有了安慰。但弟弟们每次写信,从不把自己的学业写明白,只是喜欢说家事和京城中的事。这个时侯,家里正处于庆祝气氛之中,外面的事又有照料。弟弟们可以一概不管,只要把每月作诗几首,作文几篇,看书几卷,详细告诉我,那我太高兴了。各位弟弟或者可以成为科名中的人,或者可以成为学问中的人,但为父母的令子却都一样,这是我高兴的第一一点。要慎重,不要以科名迟了,便说自己不行。如霞仙,今天的身份,比一般的秀才就高一些。如果学问再进,身分更高,那一般的举人进士,又不必去说了。学问是没有穷尽的,总以有恒为主。兄长往年没有恒心,近年略好,而还没有纯熟。自七月初一起,至今没有一天间断。每天临帖百字,抄书百字,看书至少二十页,多不论。自七月起,到现在已经看过《王荆公文集》百卷,《归震川文集》四十卷,《诗经大全》二十卷,《后汉书》百卷,都朱笔加圈点批注。虽然很忙,也要了结当天功课,不因昨天耽搁了,今天补做,也不因明天有事,今天预先做。弟弟们如果能这样有恒,那四弟虽是中等的姿质,也应当有所成就,何况六弟、九弟是上等姿质呢?明年肄业的地方,不知定了没有?或者在家,或者在外,都无不可。说在家不好用功,这是巧于卸责。我现在京城,天天事务纷冗,都可以不间断,何况在家呢?树堂、筠仙从十月起,每十天作文一篇,每天看书十五页,也很有恒。弟弟们试着把《朱子纲目》过目圈点,坚持有恒,不要几月,就看完了。如果看注疏,每经不过几个月就看完,切不要强调家中有事,而间断看书。也切不要强调考试将近,而间断看书。就是走路的时侯,到店的时侯,都可以看。考试那天。出场也可以看。兄长日夜悬望,只有“有恒”二字告弟弟们,愿弟弟们时刻留心。兄国藩手草。(道光二十四年二一月二十一日)致诸弟·按月作文寄京【原文】四位老弟足下:去年十二月廿二日,寄去书函,谅已收到。项接四弟信,谓前信小注中,误写二字,其诗此即付还,今亦忘其所吴语何矣。诸弟写信,总云仓忙,六弟去年曾言南城寄信之难,每次至抚院斋奏厅打听云云,是何其蠢也?静坐书院三百六十日,日日皆可信,何必打听听差行期而后动笔哉?或送至提塘,或送至岱云家,皆万无一失。何必问了无涉之斋奏厅哉?若弟等仓忙,则兄之仓忙,殆过十倍,将终岁无一字寄家矣。送王五诗第二首,弟不能解,数千里致书来问,此极虚心,余得信甚喜;若事事勤思善问,何患不一日千里,兹另纸写明寄口。家塾读书,余明知非诸弟所甚愿,然近处实无名师可从。省城如陈尧农、罗罗山,皆可谓名师,而六弟、九弟,又不善求益;且住省二年,诗文与字,皆无大长进。如今我虽欲再言,堂上大人亦必不肯听。不如安分耐烦,寂处里斗,无师无友,挺然特立,作第一等人物,此则我之所期于诸弟者也。昔婺源汪双池先生,一贫如洗,三十以前,以窑上为人佣工画碗。三十以后,读书训蒙,到老终身不应科举,卒著收百余卷,为本朝有数名儒,彼何尝有师友哉?又何尝出里闾①?余所望于诸弟者,如是而已,然总不出乎“立志”“有恒”四字之外也。买笔付回,须待公车归,乃可带回,大约府试、院试可待用,悬试则赶不到也。诸弟在家作若能按月付至京,则余请树堂随到随改,不过两月,家中又可收到。书不详尽,余俟续县。兄国藩手草。(道光二十五年二月初一日)【注释】①闾:里巷的大门,此处指家乡大门。【译文】四位老弟足下:去年十二月二十二日,寄信一封,想已收到。刚接到四弟的信,说前信小注中,误写二字,那首诗马上附回,现在他忘记所误是什么。诸位弟弟写信,总说忙碌。六弟去年曾说南城寄信的难,每次到抚院斋奏厅打听,真是太蠢了。静坐书院三百六十夭,天天都可写信,何必打听通信兵行期再动笔?或者遇到提塘,或者送到岱云家,都万无一失,何必去问了无关涉的斋奏厅?如果弟弟等很忙,那兄长的繁忙,比你们忙碌十倍,那不是一年无一字寄回家了。送王五诗第二首,弟弟不懂解,几千里写信来问,这很虚心,我读了信很高兴。如件件事都勤思善问,不怕不一日千里。现另纸写明寄回。在家塾读书,我明知弟弟不很愿意,但附近实在没有名师可从。省城如陈尧农、罗罗山,都可说是名师,而六弟、九弟,又不大善于求学。并且住省两年,诗文与字,都没有大长进。如今虽然我想再说,堂上大人也必不肯听,不如安分耐烦,寂处里宅,无师无友,挺然特立,作第一等人物,这是我所期待于弟弟们的。过去婺源汪双池先生,一贫如洗,三十岁以前,在窑上为别人打工画碗。十岁以后,读书训蒙,到老终身不参加科举考试,终于著书百多卷,为清朝有数名懦,他何尝有师友,又何尝走出家乡一步?我所朗待弟弟们的,如此罢了,总不外乎“立志”“有恒”四字。买笔付回,要等公车回,才能带回,大约府试可待用,县度则赶不到了。诸位弟弟在家作文,如能按月付到京城,那我请树堂随到随改,不过两个月,家中又不可收到。信写得不详尽,其余等以后再写。兄国藩手草。(道光二十五年二月初一日)致诸弟·评文字之优劣【原文】子植季洪两弟左右:四月十四日接子植二月三月两次手书;又接季洪信一函,子植何其详,季洪何其略也?今年以来,京中己发信七号,不审①俱收到否?第六号第七号;余皆有禀堂上,言今年恐不考差,彼时身体虽平安,而癣疥之疾未愈,头上面上颈上,并斑驳陆离,恐不便于陛见,故情愿不考差。恐堂上诸大人不放心,故特作白折楷信,以安慰老亲之念。三月初有直隶张姓医生,言最善治癣,贴膏药于癣上,三日一换,贴三次即可拔出脓水,贴七次即痊愈矣。初十日,令于左胁试贴一处,果有效验。廿日即令贴头面颈上,至四月八日,而七次皆已贴毕,将膏药揭去,仅余红晕,向之厚皮顽癣,今已荡然平矣,十五六日即贴遍身,计不过半月,即可毕事,至五月初旬考差,而通身已全好矣。现在仍写白析,一定赴试,虽得不得自有一定,不敢妄想,而苟能赴考,亦可上慰高堂诸大人期望之心。寓中大小关吉,惟温甫前月底偶感冒风寒,遂痛左膝,服药二三帖不效,请外科开一针而愈。澄弟去年习柳字,殊不足观,今年改习赵字,而参以李北海云麾碑之笔意,大为长进,温弟时文已才华横溢,长安诸友多称赏之!书法以命意大高,笔不足以赴其所见,故在温弟自不称意,而入亦无由称之。故论文则温高于澄,澄难于兄,论书则澄高于温,温难为弟。子植书法,驾涤澄温而上之,可爱之至!可爱之至!但不知家中旧有徐浩书和尚碑,及颜真卿书敦家庙否?若能参以二帖之沉著,直追古人不难矣。狼兼毫四枝,既不合用,可以二枝送莘田叔,以二枝送庵表叔。正月问,曾在岱云处寄羊毫二枝,不知已收到否?五月,钟子宾太守往湖南,可再寄二枝,以后两弟需用之物,随时写信至京可也。祖父大人嘱买四川漆,现在四川门生留京者仅二人,皆极寒之士,由京至渠家,有五千余里,由四川至湖南,有四千余里,彼此路皆太远。此二人在京,常半年不能得家信,即令彼寄信至渠家,渠家亦万无便可附湖南。九弟须详禀祖父大人,不如在省以重价购顶上川漆为便。做直牌匾,祖父大人系驰封吵宪大夫,父亲系诰封中宪大夫,祖母驰封恭人,母亲诰封恭人,京官加一级请封,侍读学士是从四品,故堂上皆正四品也。蓝顶是暗蓝,余正月已寄回二顶矣。书不宣尽,诸详澄温书中,今日身上敷药,不及为楷,堂上诸大人,两弟代为禀告可也。(道光。二十六年四月十六日)【注释】①不审:不知。【译文】子植、季洪两弟左右:四月十四日,接子植二月、三月两次手书,又接季洪信一封。子植那么详细,季洪为什么又那样简略?今年以来,我这里已发信七号,不知都由到没有?第六号、第七号,我都有禀呈堂上大人,说今年恐怕不考差。那时身体虽平安,而癣疥没有好,头上、脸上、颈上,都班剥陆离,恐怕不便于去见皇上,所以情愿不考差,恐怕堂上大人不放心,所以恃写白析楷信,以安慰老亲的悬念。三月初直隶姓张的医生,说最会治癣,贴了膏药在癣上,三天一换,贴三次就可拔出脓水,贴七次就痊愈。初十日,叫他在左胁试贴一个地方,果然有效。二十日,叫他贴头、脸、颈,到四月八号,七次都己贴完,将膏药揭掉,仅仅剩了红晕,过去的厚皮顽癣,己荡然而平,十、八、六日贴遍身,总共不过半月,就可完毕,到五月初旬考差,通身全好了。现在仍然写白折,一定赴试,虽说考不上自有一定,不敢妄想,而如果能赴考,也上可慰高堂上各位大人期待的心。家中大小平安,只有温甫前月底偶感昌风寒,左膝痛,吃了两三贴中药,请外科打一针就好了。澄弟去年习柳字,殊不足观,今年改习赵字,而参以李北海云麾碑的笔意,大为长进。温弟时文己是才华横溢,长安各位朋友都称赞。书法的命意大高,笔不能跟着表现,所以在温弟自己不满意,而别人也没什么可称赞。所以论文,则温高于澄,澄难以为兄;论书法则澄高于温,温难以为弟。子植书法,驾涤、澄、温而上,可爱之至!可爱之至!但不知家中旧有徐浩书和尚碑,及颜真卿书郭家庙不,如能参以两帖的沉着,那直追古人不难,狼兼毫四伎,既然不合用,可以两枝送莘田叔,以两枝送庵表叔,正月问,曾经在岱云处寄羊毫二枝,不知已收到没有,五月,钟子宾守往湖南,可再奇二枝,以后两弟要用之物,随时写信到京城。祖父大人嘱咐买四川漆,现在四川门生留京的仅二人,都是很贫寒的士人。由京到他们家乡,有五千多里。由四川到湖南,有四千余里,彼此路都太远。这两人在京城,半年不能收到家信,就是叫他寄信回去,他家也万没有便人附东西到湖南。九弟要详禀祖父大人,不如在省以高价购买上等川漆还便当些。做直牌匾,祖父大人是驰封中宪大夫,父亲是诰封中宪大夫,祖母驰封恭人,母亲诰封恭人。京官加一级请封,侍读学士是从四品,所以堂上都是正四品。蓝顶是暗蓝。我正月寄回二顶。书不尽宣,诸详澄、温书中。今日身上敷药,不及为楷,堂上诸大人,两弟代为禀告。(道光二十六年四月十六日)致诸弟·读书宜选一明师澄侯温甫子植季洪四位老弟左右:胡二等初一日到营,接奉父大人手谕及诸弟信,具悉一切。于二十日在汉口起,二十一日到黄州。二十二日至者城,以羊一豕一为文祭吴村甄甫师。二十三日过江至武昌县。二十四在巴河晤郭雨三之弟,知其兄观亭在山西,因属邑失守革职,雨三现署两淮监运使。二十九日至蕲州,是月水师大战获胜。初一初四初五,陆军在田家镇之对岸半壁山大战获胜。初九初十水师在蕲州开仗小胜,十三日水师大破田家镇贼防,烧贼船四千余号。自有此军以来,陆路杀贼之多,无过于初四之战,水路烧船之多,无有过于十三之役。现在前帮己至九江,吾尚驻田家镇,离九江百五十里。陆路之贼,均具奏报之中,兹并抄录寄回,祈敬呈父亲大人叔父大人一览。刘一良五于廿日到田家镇,得悉家中老幼均安,甚慰甚慰!魏荫亭先生既来军中,父大人命九弟教子侄读书,而九弟书来坚执不肯。欲余另请明师。余意中实乏明师可以聘请,日内与霞仙及幕中诸君于熟商。近处惟罗研生兄,是我心中佩仰之人,其学问俱有本原,于《说文》音学舆地,尤其所长。而诗古文辞及行楷书法,亦皆井求有年。吾乡通经学古之士,以邹叔绩为最,而研生次之。其世兄现在余幕中,故请其写家信聘研生至吾乡教读。研兄之继配陈氏,与耦庚先生为联襟,渫又明于风水之说,并可在吾乡选择吉地,但不知其果肯来否?渫现馆徐方伯处,未知能辞彼就此否?若果能来,足开吾邑小学之风,于温甫子植,亦不无裨益。若研兄不能来,则吾心别无他人。植弟不肯教,则乞诸弟为访择=师而延聘焉为要。甲三甲五可同一师,不可分开,科一科三科四亦可可同师,余不一一,诸俟续布。(咸丰四年十月廿二日)【注释】①熟商:反复商量。【译文】澄侯、温甫、子植、季洪四位老弟左右:胡二等初一日到营,接奉父大人手谕和诸位弟弟的信,知道一切。兄长于二十日在汉口起程。二十一日到黄州。二十二日到诸城,杀猪宰羊并作祭文一篇祭奠吴甄甫老师。二十三日过江到武昌县。二十四日在巴河令见郭雨三的弟弟,知道他兄长观亭在山西,因所属邑城失守革了职务,雨三现署两淮盐运使,二十九日到蕲州。这月水师大战取胜。初一初四初五,陆军在田家镇对岸丰壁山大战取胜。初九初十水师在蕲州开仗小胜,十三日水师大破田家镇敌人防阵,烧敌船四千多号。自从有这支军队以来,陆路杀敌之多,没有超过初四那一战的;水路烧船之多,没有超过十三日那一仗。现在前锋己到九江,我还驻在田家镇,离九江百五十里。陆路的敌人,都在广济、黄海一带。塔罗于二十三日起程去剿。一切军事的详请,都在具奏报告。现井抄录寄回,敬祈呈父亲大人、叔父大人一阅,刘一良于二十日到田家镇,得悉家中老幼都平安,十分欣慰。魏荫亭先生既来军中,父大人命九弟教子侄读书,而九弟坚执不肯,要我另外请名师。我心里实无名师可请,日内与霞仙府幕诸君子反复商量,近处只有罗研生兄,是我心中佩仰的人,他的学问都有本源,于《说文》音学舆地更是他的长处,而诗古文辞及行楷书法,也讲求有年。我乡通经学古之士,以邹叔绩为最,而研生次之。他的世兄现在我幕中,所以请他写信聘研生到我乡教书。研兄的继配陈氏,与耦庚先生为联襟,他又明了风水这说,并可在我乡选择吉他,但不知他肯来不?他现在徐方伯处教馆,不和能辞彼就此不?如果能来,是可以开我乡小学之风的,对于温甫、子植也有益处。如研兄不能来,那是我心中别无他人。植弟坚执不肯教,求弟弟们访寻一老师:甲三甲五可同一师,不可分开。科一科二科四,也可同师。余不一一,其余以后再写。(咸丰四年十月二十二日)致四弟·读书不可太疏忽【原文】澄侯四弟左右:贺常四到营,接弟信,言早起太晏;诚所有免。去年住营盘,各营皆畏慎早起,自腊月廿六移寓公馆,早间稍晏,各营皆随而渐晏,未有主帅晏而将弁能早者也。犹之一家之中,未能家长晏而子弟能早者也。沅弟在景德镇,办事甚为称靠,可爱之至!惟据称悍贼甚多,一时恐难克复,官兵有劲旅万余,决可无疑。季弟湖北,己来一信,胡咏帅待之甚厚,家中尽放心。家中读书事,弟宜常常留心,如甲五科三等,皆须读书,不失在家子弟风范,不可太疏忽也,(咸丰九年六月初四日)【注释】①晏:晚,迟。【译文】澄侯四弟左右。贺常四到营,接到你的信,说早起大晏,在所不免。去年住营盘,各营都怕早起。自腊月二十六移庄公馆,早上稍微晏了,各营都随着渐渐晏了。没有主师晏而将弁能早的。好比一家之中,没有家长晏而于弟能早的。沅弟在景德镇,办事很稳妥可靠,可爱之至!惟据说强悍的敌人很多,一时恐怕难以克复。官兵有劲旅万余,决可无疑。季弟在湖北,己来了一信。胡咏帅待他很厚,家里尽可放心。家里读书的事,弟弟要时刻留心,如甲五科三,都要读书,不失大家子弟风范,不要太疏忽了。(咸丰九年六月初四日)致四弟·宜劝诸侄勤读书【原文】澄弟左右:沅弟营中久无战事,金陵之贼,亦无粮尽确耗①。杭州之贼目陈炳文,闻有投诚之信,克复当在目前。天气阴雨作寒,景象亦不甚匪。吾在兵间日久,实愿早灭此寇,仰斯民稍留孓遗而睹此消息,竟未知何日息兵也?纪泽兄弟及王甥罗婿读书,均属有恒。家中诸侄,近日勤奋否?弟之勤,为诸兄弟之最,俭字工夫。日来稍有长进否?诸侄不知俭约者,常常训责之否(同治三年三月初四日)【注释】①耗:消息,音信。②稍留孓遗:稍为留下一些后人。【译文】澄弟左右:沅弟营中许久没有战事,金陵之敌,也没有缺粮的确,杭州之敌人头目陈炳文,听说有投降的信,应该不久克复。天气阴雨作寒,景象也不大好。我在战场久了,实在愿意早日消灭敌人,以让老百姓稍留几个后人。而听了这此渭息,竟不知哪一天可以息兵?纪泽兄弟及王甥罗婿读书,都还有恒。家里各位愈来愈侄儿,近来勤奋吗?弟弟的勤奋,是兄弟中之最。俭字工夫,近来稍长进否?侄儿辈不知道俭约的,弟弟常常训责了吗?(同治三年三月初四日)致四弟九弟·宜居家时苦学【原文】澄沅两弟左右:腊月初六接沅弟来信,知己平安到家,慰幸无己!少荃初六日起行,己抵苏州。余于十四日入闱写榜①,是夜二更发榜,正榜二百七十三,副榜四十八,闱墨极好,为三十所来所未有。韫斋先生与副主考亦极得意,土子欢欣传诵。韫师定于二十六日起程,平景孙编奏请便道回浙,此间公私送程队约各三千有奇。各营挑浚奏淮河,已浚十分之六,约年内可以竣事。澄弟所劝大臣大儒致身之道,敬悉敬悉,惟目下精神,实不如从前耳。《鸣原堂论文钞》、《东坡万言书》,弟阅之如尚有不能解者,宜写信来问。弟每次问几条,余每次批几条,兄弟论文于三千里外,亦不减对床风雨之乐弟以不能文为此身缺憾,宜趁此家居时,苦学二三年,不可抛荒片刻也。(同治三年十二月十六日)【注释】①闱:考试的地方,卯考场。”【译文】澄、沅两弟左右:腊月初六接沅弟来信,知已平安到家,慰幸无己。少在于初六日起行,已抵苏州。我于十四日入闱写榜,当夜二更发榜,正榜二百七十三,副榜四十八。闱墨极好,为三十年来所没有。福斋先生与副主考也很得意,士子欣喜传诵。祖师定于二十六日起程。平景孙编修奏请便路回浙。这里公私送程仪约各三千有奇。各营挑浚奏淮河,己浚十分之六,大约年内可以完工,澄弟所劝大臣大儒改身之道,敬悉敬悉,惟现在精神,实在不如从前。《鸣原堂论文抄》《东坡万言书》,弟弟看了如有一能解的,写信来问。弟弟每次问几条,我每次批几条,兄弟论文于三千里外,也不减对床风雨之乐。弟弟以不能文为自身缺憾,宜于趁在家时,昔学两三年,不可以片刻抛荒。(同治三年十二月十六日)致九弟·讲求奏议不迟【原文】沅弟左右,弟信言寄文每月以六篇为率,余意每月三次,每次未满千字者则二篇,千字以上者则止一篇。选文之法,古人选三之二;本朝入选三之一,不知果当弟意否?弟此时讲求奏议,尚不为迟,不必过懊恼。天下督抚二十余人,其奏疏有过弟者,有鲁卫者,不有及者,弟此时用功,不求太猛,但求有恒①,以吾弟攻金陵之苦力,用之他事,又何事不可为乎?(同治四年正月廿四日)【注释】①恒:恒心。【译文】沅弟左右:弟弟信中说寄文章每月规定六篇我的意思每月三次,每次不满干字的写两篇,千字以上的只要一一篇。选文的方法,古人选三分之二,本朝入选三分之一,不知合弟弟的意不?弟弟现在讲求奏议,还不迟,不必过于懊恼。天下督抚二十多人,奏疏超过弟弟的,有鲁卫者,有不及者,弟弟这时用功,不求太猛了,但求有恒心。以我弟攻金陵的苦力,用于其他事,又何事不可以做成。(同治四年正月二十四日)致四弟九弟·谆嘱瑞侄用功【原文】澄沅弟左右:纪瑞侄得取县案首,喜慰无已!吾不望代代得富贵,但愿代代有秀才。秀才者,读书之种子也。世家之招牌也,礼义之旗帜也。谆嘱瑞侄从此奋勉加功,为人与为学并进,切戒骄奢二字,则家中风气日厚。而诸子侄争相濯磨①矣。吾自受督办山东军务之命,初九十三日两折,皆己寄弟阅看,兹将两次批谕抄阅。吾于廿五日起行登舟,在河下停泊三日,待遣回之十五营,一概开行,带去之六营,一概拔队,然后解维长行,茂堂不愿久在北路,拟至徐州度署。九月问准茂堂还湘,勇丁有不愿留徐者,亦听随茂堂归。总使吉中全军,人人荣归,可去可来,无半句闲话,惹人谈论,沅弟千万放心。余舌尖蹇涩。不能多说话,诸事不甚耐烦,幸饮食如常耳。沅弟湿毒未减,悬之至!药物断难收效,总以能养能睡为妙!(同治四年五月廿五日)【注释】①濯磨:濯:洗,此处指争相学习和磨练。【译文】澄、沅弟左右:纪瑞侄得了县的案首,大高兴了!我不望代代得富贵,但愿代代有秀才。秀才,就是读书的种子,世家的招牌,礼义的旗帜。谆嘱咐瑞侄从此更加奋发,为人与为学并进,世戒骄奢二字,那家里的风气便越淳厚,而子侄们都争相濯磨。我自受了督办山东军务的命令,初九、十三日两折,都己寄给弟弟看。现将两次批谕抄给你看。我于二十五日起行登船,在河下停泊三天等遣回的十五营,一概开行。带去的六营,一概拔队,然后解维长行。茂堂不愿久在北路,准备到徐州度署,九月问准备茂堂回湖南,士兵有不愿留徐州的,也听其随藏堂回去。总要让吉中全军,人人荣归,可去可未,没有半句闲话,惹人家议论,沅弟千万放心。我舌尖蹇涩,不能多说话,什么事都不耐烦,幸亏饮食还如常。沅弟湿毒没有减轻,悬念之至!药物决难收效,总以能养能睡为妙。(同治四年五月二十五日)致四弟九弟·述为不学有四要事【原文】澄沅两弟左右:屡接弟信,并阅弟给纪泽等谕帖,具悉一切。兄以八月十三出省,十月十五日归署,在外匆匆,未得常寄函与弟,深以为歉小澄生子,岳松入学,是家中近日可庆之事,沅弟夫妇病而速痊,亦属可慰。吾见家中后辈,体皆虚弱,读书不甚长进,曾以为学四事勉儿辈:一曰看生书宜求速,不多读则太陋。一曰温旧书宜求熟,不背诵则易忘。一曰习字宜有恒,不善写则如身之无衣,山之无木。一曰作文宜苦思,不善作则如人之哑不能言,马之肢不能行。四者缺一不可,盖阅历一生深知之,深悔之者,今亦望家中诸侄力行之。两弟如以为然,望常以此教诫子侄为要。兄在外俩月有余,应酬极繁,眩晕脑气等症,幸示复发,脚中亦愈。惟目蒙日甚①小便太多,衰老相逼,时势当然,无足怪也。(同治六年十月廿三月)【注释】①日甚:一天比一天厉害。【译文】澄、沅两弟左右:多次接到你们的信,并看了弟弟纪泽等的谕帖,具悉一切。兄长八月十三日出省。十月十五日归署。在外匆匆忙忙,没有常常写信给你们,深以为歉。小澄生子,岳松入学,是家中近日可以庆祝的事。沅弟夫妇病而速愈,也可欣慰。我见家里后辈,体质虚弱,读书不大长进,曾经以为学等四件事勉励儿辈。一是看生书要求速,不多读就会陋钝。一是温旧书要求熟,不背诵就易忘。一是习字要有恒,不会写便好比身上无衣,山上无树。一是作文要苦思,不会写文章,好比哑巴不能说话,马跤不能行走。四者缺一不可,这是阅历一生才知道的,今也希望子侄努力实行。两位弟弟如果认为对,望常以这四点教诫子侄。兄长在外两月有余,应酬很繁忙,眩晕疵气等病,幸亏没有复发,脚肿也好了。只是眼睛蒙蒙一天天厉害,小便太多,衰老相逼而来,时势如此,不足怪。(同治六年十月二十三日)"}