内侧间室膝关节骨关节炎的形态学构成分析
作者:鲁洋、邢欣、吕骥、郑占乐、吕红芝、张英泽
来源:中华创伤骨科杂志, 2019,21(5)
目的
从形态学上评估内侧间室膝关节骨关节炎的构成因素及其相互关系。
方法
回顾性分析2017年1月至7月在河北医科大学第三医院创伤急救中心连续就诊的840例患者1 422侧不同程度的膝内翻患者的双下肢全长拼接正位X线片资料。男323侧,女1 099侧;年龄17~87岁,平均61.0岁。测量相关力线和角度,包括髋-膝-踝角(HKA)、股骨机械轴远端内侧角(mMDFA)、胫骨近端内侧角(MPTA)、关节线交角(JLCA),将测量结果按性别和HKA值分组进行比较,并统计分析变量间的相关性。
结果
男性患者HKA、mMDFA、MPTA、JLCA分别为172.85°±4.27°、90.99°±2.59°、84.78°±2.82°、2.83°±2.33°,女性患者分别为172.13°±4.63°、91.11°±2.74°、84.58°±3.30°、3.48°±2.58°,与男性患者相比,女性患者HKA更小,JLCA更大,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),但两组在mMDFA和MPTA方面的比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。Pearson相关性检验结果显示:mMDFA、MPTA、JLCA与HKA均呈显著相关(r男1=0.526, r男2=0.545, r男3=-0.562; r女1=0.547, r女2=0.610, r女3=-0.485,P<0.01)。mMDFA为正性影响因素(β男=0.491, β女=0.464,P< 0.01),MPTA为正性影响因素(β男=0.487, β女=0.560,P<0.01),JLCA为负性影响因素(β男=-0.463, β女=-0.450,P<0.01)。
结论
股骨机械轴内翻、JLCA增大和胫骨内侧平台塌陷对膝关节骨关节炎的内翻构成显著影响,是膝关节内翻的重要构成因素,mMDFDA、MPTA和JLCA对HKA的影响几乎同等重要。
膝关节内侧间室型骨关节炎是膝关节炎最为常见的类型[1,2],表现为膝内翻。对于膝内翻的相关研究以往多集中于胫腓骨。本研究中,胫骨端畸形几乎存在于所有内翻膝患者中(男97.21%,女95.54%),可见胫骨端畸形是内侧间室骨关节炎的重要形态学改变。我们之前的研究得出,内侧平台的塌陷是内侧间室骨关节炎病程的开端[3,4]。并提出'沉降值'的概念,'沉降值'的实质就是塌陷的胫骨平台相对于理想状态胫骨平台的形态学改变,准确地反应了胫骨内侧平台的受力与形变的关系。同样,股骨的形态学改变造成mMDFA减小时,也会导致HKA的改变。本研究强调了mMDFA在内侧间室骨关节炎中的特殊意义,因为与胫骨内侧平台相关的股骨内侧髁同样承受较大的应力,理论上也应存在'塌陷',而mMDFA能反映出应力性形变的部位和程度,比mLDFA更有针对性。Cooke等[5]的研究首次涉及膝内翻中的股骨构成。有学者测量了164例患者315侧行胫骨高位截骨术(high tibial osteotomy, HTO)的患肢术前X线片,得出膝内翻中的股骨与胫骨同样重要[6]。本研究结果显示男、女内翻膝患者中均有约1/4存在股骨端的畸形(男24.77%,女24.57%),回归分析结果也验证了mMDFA是构成膝关节内翻的主要因素(表3,表4)。我们还发现JLCA增大存在于绝大多数的膝内翻患者中(男85.14%,女88.90%),故将JLCA纳入到统计当中,其是膝关节松弛程度的反应[7]。当内侧软骨磨损,外侧结构松弛时,会造成X线片上内外侧关节间隙不等宽,导致JLCA增大,同样加剧膝内翻的程度。将mMDFA、MPTA、JLCA作为造成膝内翻的主要影响因素进行综合分析,结果很好地证明了我们的假设,即mMDFA、MPTA、JLCA三者对HKA的影响几乎同等重要(表4),且不同性别,结论大体一致。但胫骨的形变在临床上更容易引起注意,原因是几乎所有的内侧间室骨关节炎患肢均存在胫骨内侧平台塌陷,而且胫骨解剖轴与机械轴几乎重合[8],近端的形变可直观的通过胫骨平台和胫骨干的夹角被观察到。但在股骨端,由于颈干角的存在,股骨的机械轴与解剖轴并不在一条直线上,有约6°的外翻角,即股骨远端外翻截骨角(distal femoral valgus resection angle,DFVRA),DFVRA是全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty, TKA)股骨远端截骨的重要依据,且许多研究表明DFVRA并不稳定[9,10,11,12,13,14]。DFVRA的存在使观察者无法在正位X上直观地察觉到mMDFA的变化,需在包括股骨头及膝关节的股骨全长片上划线测量,而且基层医院多数仅能接触到膝关节局部X线片,因此无法测得实际的mMDFA角,这可能是股骨机械轴内翻容易被忽略的原因。本研究中,测得的最小MPTA仅为70°,与理想状态(MPTA=90°)相差20°,而最小的mMDFA为80°,与理想状态(mMDFA=90°)仅相差10°,这使得股骨形变更加'隐秘'。我们建议,对于膝关节炎的患者,均应拍摄下肢全长正位X线片以评估下肢力线的改变情况以及造成膝内翻的具体原因。
二、本研究的临床意义
中年人早期的内翻膝关节炎可进行保膝治疗[15],通过截骨的方式使内移的力线得到纠正,使膝关节应力分布重新回归平衡,从而去除膝关节炎的始动因素,最终可延缓、甚至避免二次TKA手术。保膝治疗要有HTO[16,17,18]、腓骨截骨术[19,20,21,22],HTO植入可吸收网状垫片[23,24,25]等,这些手术部位均为膝关节远端,即胫骨和腓骨。而股骨矫形手术应用于内侧间室骨关节炎的报道甚少,虽有报道TKA手术术后轻度的膝内翻有利于患肢功能的恢复[25,26],但这不等同于股骨的形变可以不用纠正,不代表可以忽略股骨内翻的存在,也不能否定股骨形变在膝内翻诊治中的价值。本研究中24.61%的膝内翻中存在股骨机械轴内翻,测得的最小mMDFA与理想值相差10°,在更大观察范围或更长的时间段内,完全可能出现更加极端的mMDFA值,可见股骨端的形变应引起足够重视,对股骨的'忽略'不应成为常态。
股骨远端内翻截骨主要用于治疗股骨畸形造成的外侧间室骨关节炎[27]。van der Woude等[28]用股骨远端闭合楔外翻截骨治疗15例患者的16侧由股骨内翻造成的膝关节炎,取得良好效果。Saragaglia等[29]对重度膝内翻患者行胫骨股骨联合截骨,也取得良好疗效,以上研究肯定了股骨矫形对于内翻膝关节炎的价值。因此,我们认为,在保膝治疗过程中,mMDFA的测量应被纳入常规,因为其是股骨机械轴改变的唯一依据,对术后力线的评估及手术方法的选择都有重要意义,可纳入到术前目标角度制定的步骤中。尽管多数情况下股骨的形变很不显著,但这不能作为忽略其存在的理由。
在保膝治疗术前,应对膝内翻的组成成分仔细辨析。若膝内翻的组成成分只有胫骨内侧平台塌陷(MPTA减小),则可根据具体情况选择HTO、腓骨截骨术、HTO植入可吸收网状垫片等术式;但是当胫骨平台'沉降'和股骨机械轴内翻(mMDFA减小)同时存在时,若股骨端的形变会影响术后预期要达到的力线,则仅对胫骨近端截骨是不够的[30],虽然对胫骨过度矫形仍可达到理想的术后力线,但这却要以关节面的倾斜为代价,后果就是对周围软组织形成剪切力,这些都是保膝治疗失败的潜在因素,还可能会增加后期TKA手术的操作难度[31,32,33]。故对膝内翻存在股骨改变的情况,应根据具体情况综合分析,制定最佳治疗方案。必要时可采取股骨截骨术。对于JLCA造成的内翻,由膝关节内侧软骨的磨损和外侧支持结构的松弛造成,在纠正近、远两端骨的形态改变以后,还需对膝关节周围结构进行修复。
综上所述,膝关节炎中构成膝内翻的形态学变化不只是胫骨端的改变,股骨机械轴的内翻和JLCA的改变对膝内翻的构成同等重要,临床医生应对膝关节炎过程中下肢整体力线的变化全面掌握,有助于对膝关节炎成因的深入理解。本研究可为内侧间室骨关节炎治疗及预后的判断提供理论依据和数据支持。
参考文献
[1]RoemerFW, CremaMD, TrattnigS, et al. Advances in imaging of osteoarthritis and cartilage[J]. Radiology, 2011, 260(2):332-354. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.11101359.
[2]ChangAH, LeeSJ, ZhaoH, et al. Impaired varus-valgus proprioception and neuromuscular stabilization in medial knee osteoarthritis[J]. J Biomech, 2014, 47(2):360-366. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.11.024.
[3]DongT, ChenW, ZhangF, et al. Radiographic measures of settlement phenomenon in patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis[J]. Clin Rheumatol, 2016, 35(6):1573-1578. DOI: 10.1007/s10067-015-3146-0.
[4]BrouwerGM, van TolAW, BerginkAP, et al. Association between valgus and varus alignment and the development and progression of radiographic osteoarthritis of the knee[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2007, 56(4):1204-1211. DOI: 10.1002/art.22515.
[5]CookeTD, HarrisonL, KhanB, et al. Analysis of limb alignment in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: a comparison of Saudi Arabian and Canadian cases[J]. Rheumatol Int, 2002, 22(4):160-164. DOI: 10.1007/s00296-002-0218-7.
[6]IssinA, SahinV, KoçkaraN, et al. Is proximal tibia the major problem in varus gonarthrosis? Evaluation of femur and ankle[J]. Eklem Hastalik Cerrahisi, 2012, 23(3):128-133.
[7]LeeDH, ParkSC, ParkHJ, et al. Effect of soft tissue laxity of the knee joint on limb alignment correction in open-wedge high tibial osteotomy[J]. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2016, 24(12):3704-3712. DOI: 10.1007/s00167-015-3682-9.
[8]PaleyD. Normal lower limb alignment and joint orientation[M]//Principles of deformity correction. Baltimore: Springer, 2003: 1-17.
[9]NagamineR, MiuraH, BravoCV, et al. Anatomic variations should be considered in total knee arthroplasty[J]. J Orthop Sci, 2000, 5(3):232-237. DOI: 10.1007/s007760050157.
[10]McGroryJE, TrousdaleRT, PagnanoMW, et al. Preoperative hip to ankle radiographs in total knee arthroplasty[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2002 (404):196-202. DOI: 10.1097/00003086-200211000-00032.
[11]HowellSM, KuznikK, HullML, et al. Longitudinal shapes of the tibia and femur are unrelated and variable[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2010, 468(4):1142-1148. DOI: 10.1007/s11999-009-0984-6.
[12]ShettyGM, MullajiA, BhaydeS, et al. Factors contributing to inherent varus alignment of lower limb in normal Asian adults: role of tibial plateau inclination[J]. Knee, 2014, 21(2):544-548. DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2013.09.008.
[13]KimJM, HongSH, KimJM, et al. Femoral shaft bowing in the coronal plane has more significant effect on the coronal alignment of TKA than proximal or distal variations of femoral shape[J]. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2015, 23(7):1936-1942. DOI: 10.1007/s00167-014-3006-5.
[14]LeeCY, HuangTW, PengKT, et al. Variability of distal femoral valgus resection angle in patients with end-stage osteoarthritis and genu varum deformity: radiographic study in an ethnic Asian population[J]. Biomed J, 2015, 38(4):350-355. DOI: 10.4103/2319-4170.151030.
[15]ProdromosCC, AmendolaA, JakobRP. High tibial osteotomy: indications, techniques, and postoperative management[J]. Instr Course Lect, 2015, 64:555-565.
[16]王兴山,黄野.开放楔形胫骨高位截骨术的研究进展[J].中华关节外科杂志(电子版), 2016, 10(5):525-529. DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-134X.2016.05.010.WangXS, HuangY. Advances in open wedge high tibia osteotomy[J]. Chinese Journal of Joint Surgery(Electronic Version), 2016, 10(5):525-529. DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-134X.2016.05.010.
[17]刘泽朋,李春洪,荣绍远,等.膝内侧骨关节炎患者的胫骨近端双平面截骨锁定钢板固定治疗[J].中国骨与关节杂志, 2016, 5(12):904-908. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2016.12.006.LiuZP, LiCH, RongSY, et al. Proximal tibial biplane osteotomy with locking plate fixation for medial knee osteoarthritis[J]. Chinese Journal of Bone and Joint, 2016, 5(12):904-908. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2016.12.006.
[18]张瑞鹏,李石伦,尹英超,等.腓骨截骨 胫骨高位截骨四点支撑钢板撑开固定治疗重度骨性膝关节炎[J].河北医科大学学报, 2018, 39(10):1224-1226. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2018.10.026.ZhangRP, LiSL, YinYC, et al. Fibular osteotomy high tibial osteotomy with four point supporting plate distraction and fixation technique for severe knee osteoarthritis[J]. Journal of Hebei Medical University, 2018, 39(10):1224-1226. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2018.10.026.
[19]DiQin, ChenW, WangJ, et al. Mechanism and influencing factors of proximal fibular osteotomy for treatment of medial compartment knee osteoarthritis: a prospective study[J]. J Int Med Res, 2018, 46(8):3114-3123. DOI: 10.1177/0300060518772715.
[20]BaldiniT, RobertsJ, HaoJ, et al. Medial compartment decompression by proximal fibular osteotomy: a biomechanical cadaver study[J]. Orthopedics, 2018, 41(4):e496-e501. DOI: 10.3928/01477447-20180424-05.
[21]孙鹏,艾登超,马骏,等.腓骨近端截骨术治疗内侧间室型膝关节骨关节炎的有效率及并发症率的Meta分析[J].中华老年骨科与康复电子杂志, 2017, 3(3):177-183. DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2096-0263.2017.03.009.SunP, AiDC, MaJ, et al. The efficacy and complication rate of proximal fibula osteotomy in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis with medial compartment stenosis -- a Meta analysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Geriatric Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation (Electronic Edition), 2017,3(3):177-183. DOI:10.3877/cma.j.issn.2096-0263.2017.03.009.
[22]徐彬,马俊,聂涌,等.腓骨近端截骨术治疗膝关节骨关节炎的早期临床疗效研究[J].中华老年骨科与康复电子杂志, 2016, 2(1):11-15. DOI:10.3877/cma.j.issn.2096-0263.2016.01.003.XuB, MaJ, NieY, et al. Early clinical effect of proximal fibular osteotomy on the treatment of knee osteoarthritis[J]. Chinese Journal of Geriatric Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation(Electronic Edition), 2016,2(1):11-15. DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2096-0263.2016.01.003.
[23]于沂阳,鞠林林,李佳,等.腓骨高位截骨嵌入可吸收网状垫片治疗内侧间室骨关节炎的实验研究[J].河北医科大学学报,2016,37(7):857-858. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2016.07.031.YuYY, JuLL, LiJ, et al. The study of upper fibular osteotomy and absorbable gasket implantation for medial compartment osteoarthritis of knee joint[J]. Journal of Hebei Medical University, 2016, 37(7):857-858. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2016.07.031.
[24]郑占乐,于沂阳,高石军,等.胫骨高位截骨嵌入可吸收网状垫片治疗膝关节骨关节炎的初步临床应用[J].河北医科大学学报,2016,37(8):988-989. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2016.08.032.ZhengZL, YuYY, GaoSJ, et al. Preliminary clinical application of high tibial osteotomy and absorbable mesh gasket implantation for knee osteoarthritis[J]. Journal of Hebei Medical University, 2016,37(8):988-989. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2016.08.032.
[25]QinD, ChenW, WangJ, et al. Neutral alignment leads to higher knee society scores after total knee arthroplasty in preoperatively non-varus patients: a prospective clinical study using 3D-CT[J]. J Int Med Res, 2018, 46(8):3114-3123. DOI: 10.1177/0300060518772715.
[26]NishidaK, MatsumotoT, TakayamaK, et al. Remaining mild varus limb alignment leads to better clinical outcome in total knee arthroplasty for varus osteoarthritis[J]. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 2017, 25(11):3488-3494. DOI: 10.1007/s00167-016-4260-5.
[27]ShermanSL, ThompsonSF, ClohisyJCF. Distal femoral varus osteotomy for the management of valgus deformity of the knee[J]. J Am Acad Orthop Surg, 2018, 26(9):313-324. DOI: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-16-00179.
[28]van der WoudeJAD, SpruijtS, van GinnekenBTJ, et al. Distal femoral valgus osteotomy: bone healing time in single plane and biplanar technique[J]. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr, 2016, 11(3):177-186. DOI: 10.1007/s11751-016-0266-2.
[29]SaragagliaD, BlaysatM, MercierN, et al. Results of forty two computer-assisted double level osteotomies for severe genu varum deformity[J]. Int Orthop, 2012, 36(5):999-1003. DOI: 10.1007/s00264-011-1363-y.
[30]TerauchiM, ShirakuraK, KatayamaM, et al. Varus inclination of the distal femur and high tibial osteotomy[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 2002, 84(2):223-226. DOI: 10.1302/0301-620X.84B2.12136.
[31]BabisGC, AnKN, ChaoEY, et al. Double level osteotomy of the knee: a method to retain joint-line obliquity. Clinical results[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 2002, 84(8):1380-1388. DOI: 10.2106/00004623-200208000-00013.
[32]SaragagliaD, MercierN, CollePE. Computer-assisted osteotomies for genu varum deformity: which osteotomy for which varus?[J]. Int Orthop, 2010, 34(2):185-190. DOI: 10.1007/s00264-009-0757-6.
[33]HofmannS, LobenhofferP, StaubliA, et al. Osteotomies of the knee joint in patients with monocompartmental arthritis[J]. Orthopade, 2009, 38(8):755-769; quiz 770. DOI: 10.1007/s00132-009-1458-y.