10分钟搞定英语语法之形容词性从句(下)
上篇文章中讲到正常的形容词是用来修饰人或者修饰物的,修饰人的时候关系词用who、whom、whose,修饰物的时候用that、 which、as,他们必须和后面的成分一起构成一个完整的句子。还有三个另类形容词用when、 where、 why引导,修饰什么时间、什么地点、什么原因,这三个词左边必须是固定的词(时间、地点、reason),右边必须是完整的句子。
本篇文章将通过具体的例句来分析关系词具体的用法
分析以下例句。
1.The speed at which you drive your car mustn't be too high.
2.The man to whom I talked is Mr. Li.
3.The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot.
1.The speed at which you drive your car mustn't be too high.
the speed,修饰物,前面有介词at,不能用that,因此选which.分析句子的结构,句子的主干the speed (主)mustn't be(系) high(表),at which you drive your car是形容词性的句子,you是主语,drive是谓语,your car是宾语,at which是状语。
2.The man to whom I talked is Mr. Li.
首先根据语义可知后面的从句是来修饰人(the man)的,正常语序是 I talk to whom(指代the man).为什么从句中talk to会分开,to放在了前面。此处引申一下to这个词的用法
1、to do 结构
2、to 名词,是介词短语,to表示方向。介词短语常常做状语。
I talk to the man并不是主谓宾结构,而是主谓结构,句子的主干就是I talk,talk做谓语,to the man是状语。to表示方向。
再例如 I live in Beijing/ I go to school。
因此例句中to whom组合做状语。
3.The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot.
分析句子的主干the wolf 主语,was shot谓语(be doing,be done,be是助动词联合动词做谓语)。by which the sheep was killed是形容词性从句,再分析它的结构,the sheep主语, was killed谓语,by___是状语,被什么,通过什么,指代狼,被狼杀了,用which。
总结:选择关系词,首先找到句子的主干,找到被从句修饰的是人还是物,然后找到从句,分析从句的结构,找到从句中关系词指代什么、什么成分,选择对应的关系词。
接下来通过下面的例句,看一下as的用法。as 有一些固定搭配,例如 such as 、so as 、the same as
He is such a nice person as is popular.
It is such a beautiful picture as attracted many people.
这两个例句中as指代的并不是上文讲的前面的那句话,而是指代的前面的词person/picture,但是such as是固定搭配,出现such后面就填as。
As you've pointed out, he proves to be the best student here.
As we all know, the earth is round.
这两个例句是很典型的as 的用法,As指代后面的那句话,翻译为正如。
as一般指某件事,其引导的定语从句可以置于句首(其它定语从句不可以),也可以置于句末,当句子中出现such/the same时,用as
接下来看下三个另类形容词when where why的用法,上篇文章讲过另类形容词左边必须跟着固定的词,从句必须是一句完整的话。因此如果从句不是一句完整的话,只能从
who/whom/whose/that/which/ as中选。
l'll never forget the days which/that we spent together.
I'll never forget the day when l joined the league.
上面两个例句,后面的从句都是修饰时间(day),但是第一个例句后面we spent together不是一句完整的话,因此不能用when,而应该用which。第二个例句l joined the league是一句完整的话,修饰时间因此用when。
This is the house where l lived two years ago.
后面的句子I lived two years ago,two years ago是时间状语可以去掉,句子的主干是I lived,参考上面的例句I live in Beijing,I lived是主谓结构,句子完整,修饰地点因此用where。
Do you know the reason why she was late.
she was late是完整的话,修饰reason选why.
有个特别常见的知识点,关于关系词的省略:当way(...方式)和time(...时间))做先行词时,关系词常常省略。
I don't like the way (that/ in which) he treated me.
分析从句的结构,he treated me,主谓宾是完整的话,但是先行词时 the way不是时间地点原因,因此不能用when/where/why。这句话正常的语序是 he treated me in the way,in the way是介词短语做状语,状语可以省略。
下面三个例句原理同上,注意后面两个例句的time表示次数,不是时间,因此不用when。
The way (that/ in which) he explained to us is quite simple.
This is the first time (that) I come here.
This is the last time (that) I shall give you a lesson.