骨科英文书籍精读（258）｜股骨干骨折
我们正在精读国外经典骨科书籍《Apley’s System of Orthopaedics and Fractures》，想要对于骨科英文形成系统认识，为以后无障碍阅读英文文献打下基础，请持续关注。
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FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURES
The femoral shaft is circumferentially padded with large muscles. This provides advantages and disadvantages: reduction can be difficult as muscle contraction displaces the fracture; however, healing potential is
improved by having this well-vascularized sleeve containing a source of mesenchymal stem cells, and open fractures often need no more than split thickness skin grafts to obtain satisfactory cover.
Mechanism of injury
This is usually a fracture of young adults and results from a high energy injury. Diaphyseal fractures in elderly patients should be considered ‘pathological’ until proved otherwise. In children under 4 years the possibility of physical abuse must be kept in mind.
Fracture patterns are clues to the type of force that produced the break. A spiral fracture is usually caused by a fall in which the foot is anchored while a twisting force is transmitted to the femur. Transverse and oblique fractures are more often due to angulation or direct violence and are therefore particularly common in road accidents. With severe violence (often a combination of direct and indirect forces) the fracture may be comminuted, or the bone may be broken in more than one place (a segmental fracture).
---from 《Apley’s System of Orthopaedics and Fractures》
重点词汇整理：
sleeve /sliːv/n. [机] 套筒，[机] 套管；袖子，[服装] 袖套vt. 给……装袖子；给……装套筒
mesenchymal stem cells间充质干细胞
/mɛs'ɛŋkɪməl/adj. 间叶细胞的；由间叶细胞组成的；间叶细胞样的
split thickness skin 中厚皮片
split/splɪt/n. 劈开；裂缝adj. 劈开的vt. 分离；使分离；劈开；离开；分解vi. 离开；被劈开；断绝关系
splint /splɪnt/n. 夹板；薄木条；薄金属片vt. 用夹板固定
Diaphyseal骨干的
physical abuse躯体虐待；身体伤害
Fracture patterns are clues to the type of force that produced the break. 骨折类型可以推测导致骨折的受力方向。
anchore/ˈæŋkər/n. 锚；抛锚停泊；靠山；新闻节目主播vt. 抛锚；使固定；主持节目
a segmental fracture节段性骨折
百度翻译：
股骨干骨折
股骨干周围垫着大肌肉。这提供了优点和缺点：由于肌肉收缩使骨折移位，复位可能很困难；但是，愈合潜力很小通过这种含有间充质干细胞来源的血管化良好的套管进行改善，开放性骨折通常不需要超过中厚皮片就可以获得满意的覆盖。
损伤机制
这通常是年轻人的骨折，是高能量损伤的结果。除非另有证明，否则老年患者的骨干骨折应视为“病理性”骨折。对于4岁以下的儿童，必须牢记身体虐待的可能性。
断裂模式是产生断裂的力类型的线索。螺旋形骨折通常是由于脚被固定而扭力被传递到股骨的跌倒引起的。横向和斜向骨折往往是由于角度或直接暴力，因此在交通事故中特别常见。严重暴力（通常是直接力和间接力的综合作用）可能导致骨折粉碎，或多处骨折（节段性骨折）。