【猪译馆】配种管理指南 （连载八）
前言 Foreword
丹育猪以高产著名于世，但由于猪场建设、饲养管理等诸多方面的挑战，让丹育猪在中国的生产性能未能达到预期，但丹育种猪在中国养猪业的受青睐程度仍越来越高。猪译馆特收集整理了一系列丹育相关资料，目前正在转载由喜肉科技携手英联饲料和华扬种猪联合推出的丹麦养猪研究中心制作的丹育《配种管理手册》，敬请关注。
编者的话 Editor's Note
配种是新一轮生产的开始，配种质量会直接影响受胎率、分娩率、产仔数、断奶数等一系列关键的KPI。因此配种舍的正确管理有助于提高和维持母猪高产、稳产。本手册详细讲解了不同生产模式下查情和配种的各种技巧，其中很多章节图文并茂可以直接作为SOP使用。
15a 转入妊娠舍（电子母猪饲喂器）
Insertion In The Gestation Unit (Esf)
15a.1 转群前
Before Insertion
母猪的评估。走路不正常、有肩伤或其它问题的母猪要送入病猪栏或淘汰。
Assessment of the animal. Animals that do not walk normally, has shoulder wounds or other disorders are put in a hospital pen or is culled.
用耳牌阅读器检查耳牌。
Check ear tags with an ear tag reader.
检查接收器接收的号码与母猪的号码是否相 符。
Check that the transponder corresponds to the sow number.
根据配种记录调整电脑里的周期清单。
Cycle days in the computer is held up to the mating list.
评估母猪体况，并根据体况来调整饲喂曲线。
Rate the body condition and adjust the feed curve in relation to their body condition.
确保在控制系统中激活每头母猪。
Make the sow active/ present in the control program.
第二天要转入妊娠舍的母猪当天吃料后，需关闭其在配种舍的饲料配料器。
The night before the feeder is closed by the sows in the mating/control unit for those sows there will be moved the following day.
15a.2 转群当天
By Inserting (On The Day)
尽可能少的向群体中引入新的母猪（半稳定或稳定群体）。
Try to introduce new animals into the group as seldom as possible (semi-stable or stable groups).
要在一个比较安静的时间段转群，一般在午后。
Insertion should be done in a quiet period – typically after lunch.
转群时，最好让母猪通过饲喂站进入妊娠舍，并饲喂一半的日粮。
The sows are sluiced if possible through the feed station into the pen and are allocated half ration.
15a.3 来自病猪舍的健康母猪
Healthy Animals From The Hospital Pen
来自病猪舍的健康母猪需要和至少10头其它母猪同时转入。
Try to introduce new animals with at least 10 other animals.
在有垫料圈舍中的母猪。
Sows in nest boxes.
母猪躺在漏缝地板上。
Sows lying on slatted floor.
15a.4 不好的转群方案会导致
Poor Insertion Strategy Leads To
1. 群体中有些母猪需要治疗，但治疗起来很困难，也很难治愈。
That there is inserted treatment required sows in the group, and thereby does it difficult to treat and cure the sows.
2. 母猪几天吃不到饲料。
That the sows do not get feed for several days.
3. 母猪在相当长的时间里，只能吃到勉强维持生命的饲料。
That the sows “survive” on rations in inappropriate long time.
4. 因等级竞争而引起太多母猪的肢蹄受伤。
That too many sows get leg and foot injuries due to rank matches.
5. 新转入的母猪在被群体接受前，只能躺在冷的漏缝地板上。
That the newly inserted sows lie on the cold slatted floors until they are accepted into the
group.
6. 如果将来自同一个群体的母猪，转入不同的圈舍，会增加工作量。
An increased workload, if the animals from one group are inserted into several pens.
15a.5 补充说明: 转群方案
Additional Comments: Insertion Strategy
在稳定群体中，只将那些行动正常的母猪转移至妊娠舍，可以最有效地利用妊娠舍。及时对母猪采取治疗措施可延长母猪的使用年限。判断猪肢蹄病的标准参见手册。有2级肩伤的母猪要转入病猪舍；有3或4级肩伤的母猪要淘汰；有1级肩伤的母猪要列在观察名单上。
It gives the optimal use of gestation places in stable groups by only moving the good walking to the gestation unit. Timely treatment gives increased durability among the sows. Criterias for exposure is shown in the handbook sheet about leg and hoof ailments. Sows with shoulder wounds grade 2 is placed in a hospital pen. Sows with shoulder wounds grade 3 and 4 is put to sleep, and sows with shoulder wounds grade 1 is placed on the OBS-list.
如因圈舍紧张，只能将问题母猪转入妊娠舍，则至少要在观察名单上记录这些猪的情况。
Is it for reasons of space necessary to insert questionable animals in the gestation unit, they should as a minimum be put on an OBS-list.
转群时，检查耳牌，以避免在大群体中不能及时发现带有缺陷的耳牌。
Eartags are checked to avoid that sows with defective eartags should be found in the large groups.
转群时，要全面评估每头母猪的体况。母猪分娩时好的体况决定了其好的生产性能。注意瘦的和年轻的母猪采食时间持续通常较长，因此不同的母猪要区别对待，这可通过饲喂曲线的选择和采食时间的设定来实现。
By insertion each animal should be thoroughly assessed in terms of body condition. It is crucial to the sow’s career that the sow is in proper body condition at farrowing. Note that thin and young sows often have longer duration of eating, and therefore they must be handled differently in relation to the other sows. This is reflected in the choice of feed curves and setting of eating time.
如果母猪没有被人工激活，母猪就不能按照选择好的饲喂曲线饲喂。
If the sow is not manual activated/ present, the sow will not be on the selected feed curve.
通过关闭饲料配料器，母猪能够很主动地通过饲喂站。
By closing the feed the sows are motivated to go through the feed station.
每一次转入新的母猪都会产生等级竞争。注意后备母猪的群体适应性，年长的、强群中的经产母猪和弱群中占优势的后备母猪可以转入同一个群体中。每次至少有10头母猪一起转入同一个圈舍中。
Each time you insert new animals, there are rank matches. By careful socialization of gilts, older well ranked sows as well as weak rank gilts with advantage are inserted in the same group. There should be a minimum of 10 animals inserted at the same time in the pen.
转群需要在一个比较安静的时间段进行，最早是在午饭后，这时大多数的群体都已采食完毕。这确保了圈舍内平静和轻松的氛围。
Insertion should be done in a quiet period, the earliest right after lunch, when most of the group has eaten. This ensures peace in the unit and a relaxed welcome.
母猪需从饲喂站的通道转入，这可确保所有母猪都熟悉该系统。
It is recommended to insert the sows through the feed station. This is to ensure that all the sows are familiar with the system.
选择1
Alternative 1
可以选择将母猪直接转入群体。在这种情况下，需在转入之前将母猪喂饱，并在接下来的几天里最先饲喂这些猪。这通常用在饲喂站里猪较多的时候。
Alternatively, the sows are put directly into the group. In these cases it is recommended that the inserted sows are fed before insertion and is first allocated feed in the feed station the following feeding day. This practice is used in cases of high occupancy of the feed stations.
选择2
Alternative 2
最温和的转群方式是上午在配种舍饲喂一半的日粮，中午转群后再通过饲喂站饲喂另一半（技术允许的话）。这可减轻饲喂站的负荷，并使母猪转群后在圈舍内保持安静。
Most gentle is the insertion by feeding normal morning ration and half rations through feed station (if technically possible). This ensures a lower burden of the feeding stations and filled and calm sows in the pen.
15b. 转入妊娠舍（饲喂/休息栏的自由进出栏）
Insertion In The Gestation Unti (Feeding/resting Boxes)
15b.1转群时间
Insertion Time
饲养在每头都有饲料配送器的圈舍中的母猪的转群时间如下：
The following times for insertion of sows in pens with a feeding box per sow:
1. 配种前
Before mating
2. 配种后
After mating
3. 配种4周后
4 weeks after mating
15b.2转群前
Before Insertion
母猪的评估。走路不正常、有肩伤或其它问题的母猪要送入病猪栏或淘汰。
Assessment of the animal. An animal that do not go normally, has shoulder wounds, is very thin or has other dysfunctionals is set in the hospital pen or is culled.
在群体中如果有可能的话，将母猪按体况进行分群。将弱的群体分成两群，这样可以满足母猪的能量需求，也可对大小不同的母猪进行不同的饲喂。
The sows are divided, if possible in groups, by body condition. A breakdown of the weak groups, into two groups could meet the energy needs of the sows, so that the big sows are fed differently than the smaller sows.
圈舍内铺满垫料，并检查所有的圈舍、饲料分配器和饮水器是否正常运转。
The pen is filled with bedding and it is checked that all boxes, feedboxes and water valves are working.
15b.3转群当天
By Insertion (On The Day)
在转群前，将母猪喂饱。饱腹母猪间的争斗比饥饿母猪间少。
The animals are fed before insertion in the pen. Filled sows fight less than hungry sows.
圈舍内一次性装满经产母猪和后备母猪。如果母猪在圈舍内配种，可将混养群中的瘦的经产母猪和后备母猪单独锁在能单独供料的限位栏内。
The pen is filled at once with both sows and gilts. If the animals are mated in the pen, gilts and lean sows can advantageously be housed in a separate pen where feeding can be done individually, if the animals are fixed in the box.
目的是获得稳定的群体，如不将新的母猪转入稳定的群体。
Aim for stable groups, ie. Don’t put new animals into existing groups.
来自弱群的多余母猪，可以饲养在备用的圈舍内。
Excess animals from the weak groups can be housed in a spare pen.
15b.4来自病猪舍的健康母猪
Healthy Animals From Hospital Pens
将它们和一起配种的群体饲养在一起，或者饲养在备用的圈舍内。
The animals are put together with their mated group. Alternatively, put the animals into the spare pen.
15b.5不好的转群方案可导致
Bad Insertion Strategy Causes
群体中有些母猪需要治疗，但治疗起来很困难，也很难治愈。
That there is inserted treatment required sows in the group, and thereby making treating and curing difficult.
躺卧区垫料撒布不均匀会导致母猪不一定会躺在垫料上。
Poor spreading of bedding in the lying area means that the animals remain in their box.
有饲喂/休息栏的自由进出栏
Pens with feeding/resting boxes.
在躺卧区有垫料的圈舍内的母猪。
Sows in box with bedding in the lying area.
15b.6补充说明: 转群方案
Additional Comments: Insertion Strategy
每一次在群体中转入新的母猪，都会有等级争斗的发生。母猪会通过体型外貌或打斗来判断谁是最强壮的，如果其它母猪不躲避，这会对母猪造成应激，所以需要尽可能少的混群。
Each time you insert new animals in a group, a new formation of hierarchy will occur. Sows investigate who is most strong by marking or fighting, if the other sow does not dodge. These fights are stressful for the sows, therefore as little mixing as possible is recommended.
6.1 转群前
Before Insertion
断奶后母猪被转入妊娠舍中饲养直至被转入产房前。该方案对猪舍设计和布局有以下要求：
At weaning the sows are inserted in the gestation unit where they are until they are moved into the farrowing unit. This is the following consequences for the design and layout of the pens:
1) 给那些不发情、返情的经产母猪和后备母猪留15-20%的额外空间，而且针对不同群体大小的差异还需预留10%的空间。这些额外的空间可以建成一栋备用的圈舍。
15-20 % extra spaces for animals that do not come into oestrus, returners and gilts. Furthermore, there should be established 10 % extra spaces for variations in the group sizes. Extra space can possibly be established in a spare unit.
2) 需要有足够宽的饲喂/休息栏（65-70cm（内部尺寸））。
There should be feeding/resting boxes that are wide enough (65-70cm (internal dimensions)).
3) 在群养舍中，地面要防滑（排水地板要有垫料），根据法律要求，两排自由进出栏之间至少相距3米。
When it is loose housing, the floor must be slip free (drained floor with bedding) and the distance between the boxes should be more than 3 meters according to the law.
4) 至少用两种饲料来饲喂母猪，即空怀母猪的日粮比妊娠母猪的日粮能量高。
It must be possible to feed the animals with at least two mixtures in the unit, so that the empty animals are fed with a more energetic feed than pregnant animals.
5) 为了使后备母猪能够融入母猪群，可以考虑一开始就让后备母猪进入群体。为了分出年轻的母猪，要将群体分转入两个圈舍，一个为后备母猪和青年经产母猪，另一个为较老经产母猪。
To get gilts integrated into the group of sows, one can consider to the gilts to the group from the start. In order to spare the young animals, the group must be divided into two pens – a pen with gilts and young sows and a pen with older sows.
6.2配种之后
After Mating
经产母猪和后备母猪刚刚发情，就可以把它们转入妊娠舍。该方案对猪舍设计和布局有以下要求：
Sows and gilts can be moved into the gestation unit just after oestrus. This will have following consequences for the design and layout of the pens:
返情母猪将占用15 % 的额外空间，而且针对不同群体大小的差异还需预留10%的空间。这些额外的空间可建成一栋备用的圈舍。
15 % extra space for returners and 10 % extra space for variations in the group size. Extra space can possibly be established in a spare unit.
群体大小差异可通过以下两种方式来处理：
Variations in the group size can be handled two ways:
a. 每一栋猪舍内都要有可调节的空间，这样妊娠鉴定后就可以封闭多余的栏位。
There shall be room for the fluctuation in each pen so that the excess boxes after pregnancy control is blinded off.
b. 有从其它群体转入的母猪，这会降低工作人员对猪群的整体概念。
There are inserted sows from another group to the pen, which reduces the overview for the staff.
经产母猪和后备母猪可以安排在同一猪舍内。
Sows and gilts can be placed in the same pen.
6.3 配种4个星期后
4 Weeks After Mating
母猪在配种4个星期后，且经妊娠鉴定后转入妊娠舍。该方案对猪舍设计和布局有以下要求：
Sows are inserted in the gestation unit 4 weeks after mating and after pregnancy control. This will have following consequences for the design and layout of the pens:
1. 圈舍内栏位的数量和预计分娩母猪的数量相对应。即假定所有的返情母猪都在转入妊娠舍前被查出来，所以不需要计算额外空间。
The number of places in the pen is complied with the desired number of farrowings. It is assumed that all returners are found within insertion in the pen, why there should not be calculated with extra places.
2. 经产母猪和后备母猪可以安排在同一猪舍内。
Sows and gilts can be placed in the same pen.
及时治疗可延长母猪的使用年限。有1、2和3级肩伤的母猪应转入病猪舍。有4级肩伤的母猪要淘汰。
Timely treatment increases durability among the sows.Sows with shoulder wounds grade 1,2 and 3 is put in the hospital pen. Sows with shoulder wounds grade 4 is put to sleep.
转入有较多垫料的圈舍的母猪会变得更加安静，因为垫料会转移它们对等级竞争的注意力。正常运转的饲料分配器、饮水器和栏位的数量要与圈舍内母猪的数量相匹配，以确保所有的母猪都能采食，以此避免母猪间的争斗。记得关上多余的栏位，以此避免母猪在采食时穿梭其间。
Sows coming into a pen with plenty of bedding will be calmer, and the bedding will divert their attention from the ranking fights. The number of functioning feed dispensers, valves and boxes must match the number of sows in the pen to ensure that all the sows are fed and hereby avoid confrontations between the sows. Remember to close the remaining boxes and hereby avoid that the sows are shuttling between the boxes during feeding.
如果弱群中的母猪数量比圈舍中的栏位数量多，多余的母猪可转入备用的圈舍。如果弱群中的母猪数量比圈舍中的栏位数量少，则需关上多余的栏位。
If the weakly groups contain more animals than there are places for in the pen, excess animals are placed in a spare unit. If the weakly group contains fewer animals than there are places for, the excess boxes and valves should be closed.
将病猪栏中恢复的猪和刚配种的群体饲养在一起，如果条件不允许，则将其饲养在闲置的圈舍内。
Cured sows from the hospital pens are placed in the pen with sows from the current mating group. If this is not possible, animals from the hospital pen is placed in the spare unit.
未完待续……
To be continued…
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