【猪译馆】配种管理指南 （连载三）
前言 Foreword
丹育猪以高产著名于世，但由于猪场建设、饲养管理等诸多方面的挑战，让丹育猪在中国的生产性能未能达到预期，但丹育种猪在中国养猪业的受青睐程度仍越来越高。猪译馆特收集整理了一系列丹育相关资料，目前正在转载由喜肉科技携手英联饲料和华扬种猪联合推出的丹麦养猪研究中心制作的丹育《配种管理手册》，敬请关注。
编者的话 Editor's Note
配种是新一轮生产的开始，配种质量会直接影响受胎率、分娩率、产仔数、断奶数等一系列关键的KPI。因此配种舍的正确管理有助于提高和维持母猪高产、稳产。本手册详细讲解了不同生产模式下查情和配种的各种技巧，其中很多章节图文并茂可以直接作为SOP使用。
5.公 猪
The Boar
如何得到一头好的公猪
How To Get A Successfull Boar
1. 一头使用时间长的公猪需要在其生长过程中进行合理的饲喂。
A durable boar is ensured through proper feeding during growth.
2. 无论公猪是用来交配、场内人工授精还是诱情，都要保持合适的体况。
Whether the boar is used for mating, on farm AI or smell boar it must be kept in proper body condition.
3. 公猪和人必须是互信的，并对其保持尊重。
Boars must be trusting, but keep respecting them.
4. 公猪舍里的地面需防滑，且必须有一块干净、干燥供其躺卧的区域。
The boar pen must always have a clean and dry lying area with a non-slip floor.
5. 公猪至少每14天爬跨一次
Boars should at least be allowed to mount every 14. days.
6. 公猪的健康是在配种猪舍中进行优秀的“团队工作”的先决条件。
A healthy boar is a prerequisite for a good “team player” in the mating unit.
7. 公猪在成熟前不能使用。
The boar must be mature before he is used.
8. 公猪不能太频繁地使用，这样会影响精子的质量。使用的频率取决于公猪的年龄。
The boar should not be used too frequently as this will impair sperm quality. The frequency depends on the boar’s age.
公猪必须是活跃的、互信的和友善的。
The boar must be active, trusting and sociable.
与母猪相比，公猪不能太大。
The boar should not be too big compared to the sow.
如果公猪有问题，可能是因为
Are There Problems With The Boar, It Can Be Because
1. 公猪超重。
The boar has become too overweight.
2. 舍内恶劣的卫生条件造成公猪和母猪的肢蹄病。
Poor hygiene in the pens with the risk of leg injuries in both sow and boar.
3. 用锯末或刨花作为垫料。
Use of sawdust or wood flour as bedding.
4. 公猪生病。
That the boar is sick.
补充说明：公猪
Additional Comments : The Boar
在生长过程中，推荐下面的饲喂策略：
During upbringing the following feed strategy is recommended:
适宜的体况对公猪的使用寿命和性欲很重要。
Proper body condition is essential for the boars durability and libido.
适中的体况是最好的。如果公猪太肥，要减少饲喂量，最低可降至1.5个母猪饲料单位，公猪要饲喂妊娠期日粮。
Body condition “middle” is preferred. If the boar is too fat, the ration is reduced to minimum of 1.5 FUso/day. The boar is assigned gestation diet.
在生长过程中，工作人员应尽可能多的与公猪接触，使公猪能信任人，从而能比较顺利地转移公猪，并能训练公猪自己走进目的圈舍。
During upbringing, it is important that the boars are exposed to much human contact to be trusting towards humans. The boar should be able to move smoothly, and are trained to move into the units on which it is used.
避免公猪的腿部疾病很重要，因此地面需要防滑。对一头成年公猪来说，圈舍的面积不能少于6平方米。如果圈舍是用来交配的，至少有10平方米的净面积（不包括料槽）。不要用刨花或木屑做垫料，刨花中含雌激素类物质，这可能会影响母猪的发情和发情周期。
It is important to avoid leg problems in boars, and therefore a non-slip floor is important. For an adult boar the pen must be at least 6㎡ . If the pen used for mating, it must be at least 10㎡net area (trough is not included). Used bedding may not be shavings or wood flour. Shavings contain estrogens like substances that can affect the sows oestrus and cycle.
无论公猪是用作场内人工授精还是诱情，都建议至少每14天让公猪爬跨一次。用来诱情的公猪可以爬跨一头即将淘汰的发情母猪。让公猪爬跨是为了维持它们的活跃程度和理想的性欲。
Whether the boar is used for mating with on farm AI or as smell boar, it is recommended that the boar gets to jump the absolute minimum every 14. day. Let the smell boars mount on a oestrus slaughter sow. The boars must mount in order to maintain their motivation and desired activity level.
有轻微疾病症状或活跃程度下降的公猪都需要检查。如果公猪发烧，就意味着在8个星期内精子的数量会下降。
At the slightest sign of illness or changes in activity the boar should be examined. If the boar has a fever, it may mean a decreased sperm count for up to 8weeks.
公猪最早的性成熟时间是在6-7月龄。建议公猪在8月龄后，方进行第一次交配。
The boar’s earliest sexual maturity is at 6-7 months of age. It is recommended that the boar is first placed in service when it is over 8 months old.
公猪使用的频率
Frequency of use of the boar
6.场内人工授精——采精
ON -FARM AI --COLLECTION
正确的采精
“Proper Collection”
1. 准备好公猪爬跨的假台畜。
Use a phantom as mounting material for the boar.
2. 用性成熟的公猪。
Use a sexually mature boar.
3. 准备好稀释剂，加热并加入抗生素。
Prepare thinner, heat and add antibiotics.
4. 给将要操作的手上戴两只手套。
Take 2 gloves on the “tap” hand.
5. 准备好精液采集杯（最好是聚苯乙烯的材质），放入干净、新的精液收集袋，用橡皮圈固定好精液过滤纸。
Filling tank of polystyrene, fitted with clean, new bag and new gauze. Secure the gauze with a rubber band.
6. 排空公猪的包皮积液，之后脱掉外面一只手套。
Empty the boar’s foreskin, and discard the outer glove.
7. 开始刺激公猪，使其伸出阴茎。
Start stimulating the boar, so he shafts out.
8. 不收集刚开始射出的10-15毫升。
The first 10 ml to 15 ml should be tapped out on the floor.
9. 抓住公猪的阴茎。
Grasp the boar’s penis.
10. 阴茎头向上，避免任何的尿液和分泌的残留物混入精液。
Keep it up, so any urine and secretions residues do not run down the semen.
11. 轻拍公猪，直到射精完全结束。
Tap the boar until he is completely finished.
精液过滤纸可以防止秸秆、毛发和其它杂质污染精液。
The gauze prevents straw, hair and other major parts of contaminating the semen.
为了获得好的效果，良好的卫生很重要。
Good hygiene is important in order to achieve a good result.
错误的采精
Error By Collection
1. 将瓶装的精液直接放入脏的容器。
There is bottled semen directly into a dirty container.
2. 容器材料没有隔热效果，导致精液受到冷应激。
The semen gets cold shock by container material without insulation.
3. 包皮积液没有彻底排空，导致采集到的精液中含有杂质。
The foreskin is not emptied good enough, which causes impurities in the collection.
4. 损伤阴茎，导致精液里有血。
Damage to the penis, so there will be blood in the semen.
5. 缺乏耐心，公猪还没有结束就停止采集，可引起公猪性欲消失。
Lack of patience, so the boar won’t finish and the libido may disappear.
6. 采集时不注意卫生：
Lack of hygiene under collection:
* 脏的手。
Dirty hands.
* 脏的容器。
Dirty containers.
* 屋子里有太多的污垢和灰尘。
Too much dirt and dust in the room.
* 残留的肥皂和消毒剂。
Soap and disinfectant residues.
* 来自水的污染。
Contamination from water.
* 多次使用的器具没有进行高温灭菌。
Missing scalding from recycled materials.
补充说明：场内人工授精--采精
Additional Comments: On-farm AI – Collection
假台畜上必须包裹一层柔软的、可洗的覆盖物。柔软是因为公猪的胸骨会压在假台畜上，可洗是为了卫生。假台畜上的覆盖物没有破损，否则会导致公猪受伤。假台畜必须是牢固的，这样采集时就不会倾斜、翻倒。因为假台畜不容易固定，所以最好买做好的假台畜。确保爬跨的地方是防滑的，并且把假台畜固定在栏位上，这样爬跨的时候就不会移动。公猪也可以爬跨母猪，但一定要握住阴茎。这比用假台畜困难，并且不会总有与公猪爬跨体型相匹配的发情母猪。如果公猪经爬跨过母猪，再让它爬跨假台畜会比较困难。
The phantom must be covered with soft washable material. Soft, because the boar lays with his sternum on the phantom and washable for reasons of hygiene. There should be no cracks in the coating on the phantom, which could damage the boar. The phantom should be stable, so it will not tip during the collection. Buy a finished phantom because they are difficult to make stable. Be sure that the mounting area is non-slip and attach the phantom to the inventory so it does not move during mount. The boar can mount on a sow, from where the boar can be tapped. It can be a bit harder than using a phantom, and there is not always a sow of the right size in heat as he can mount on. If the boar is used to mount on sows, it is harder to get him to mount the phantom.
当一头公猪愿意进行交配时，它就性成熟了。最早的性成熟时间是在6-7月龄，并且取决于年龄而不是体重。杂交公猪通常比纯种公猪的性成熟时间早。建议公猪在8月龄后再进行第一次交配。
A boar is sexually mature when it is willing to implement a mating. The earliest time for that is 6-7 months of age and depends on age rather than weight. Crossbreed boars often become sexually mature earlier than purebred boars. It is recommended that the boar is first placed in service when it is over 8 months old.
确保稀释剂在与精液混合之前已经加热好了。加入抗生素之前要阅读药瓶标签。采精的同时加热稀释剂至30-35 ℃。也可以用干粉稀释剂，但混合操作失误的风险很大。
Ensure that the diluents have been heated before it is mixed with the semen. Mix in the antibiotic after the regulations from the medicine bottle. Let it warm up while the collection is made. It should be between 30 ℃ and 35 ℃. Powder diluents can also be used, but the risk for an error mix is great.
使用一次性材料很重要。放两层精液过滤纸，这样一些大的杂物像秸秆、掉落的毛发或粪渣就不会掉进精液里。将精液收集袋放入集精杯前，做充气测试检查收集袋是否密封。
It is important that disposable materials are used. Put gauze twice as large items such as straw, loose hair or loose feces do not fall into the semen. Before the bag is inserted, it must be filled with air to see if it’s close.
为保持良好的卫生，在精液采集时要戴上两只手套，且只可用批准用于精液采集的手套，如乙烯基手套。橡胶手套或有滑石粉的手套会损伤精液。
To keep a good hygiene, it is important to put on two gloves on at semen collection. It is important that the gloves are approved for semen collection, for example vinyl gloves. Latex and rubber and gloves with talc could damage the semen.
当排空包皮积液时，同时戴两只手套。排完以后，脱掉外面的手套，里面的手套是为了实际的采精。
Both gloves should be on by emptying of the foreskin. When it is emptied the outer glove is removed glove number two is ready for the actual collection.
公猪受到向前挤压包皮的刺激后会伸出阴茎。公猪也会因看到并闻到假台畜和包皮积液的排空而受到刺激。
By massaging the foreskin forward, the boar is stimulated to shaft out. The boar is also stimulated by sight and smell of the phantom and the emptying of the foreskin.
用手握成漏斗状，紧握公猪伸出的阴茎。刚开始射出的10-15毫升液体丢弃，因为这里有残留的尿液和积液，且精子数量少。
Form your hand as a funnel and place it in front of the foreskin opening, let the boar shaft out his penis in your hand. The first 10 to 15 ml should not be collected into the container, as there is residual urine and pus in. There are not many sperm cells in the first 10-15ml.
抓住阴茎的前端，将阴茎前端控制在手的末端。当用手抓住阴茎时，就像母猪子宫颈卡住阴茎一样。
Grasp the tip of the penis, so that the tip is resting on the bottom edge of the hand. When the hand is attached to the penis, it can turn stuck, as it will do in the sow.
阴茎应该保持向上，这样尿液、分泌物和积液不会滴入精液。将阴茎弯曲成一个轻微向上的曲线，这样精液能够排入容器中。不能损伤阴茎。
The penis is kept up so that urine, secrete and pus does not drain into the semen. Bend the penis in a gentle curve upwards so that the semen can drain into the container. Penis must not be broken.
记住要在公猪射精完全结束后才停止采集。如果还没结束就停止，公猪的性欲会下降。结束的标志是公猪通常会自己从假台畜上爬下来，或者看见公猪射出大量的凝胶状物质。一次采集从阴茎伸出直到最后的精液射出，通常要经历5-10分钟。
Remember that the boar should be allowed to be completely finished before the collection is stopped. If stopped in the middle of the collection, the boar’s libido could be reduced. The boar often climbs down the phantom when he is finished, otherwise it can be seen by the “plug” has come out. A collection may take between 5 and 10 minutes from the shaft is out to the last semen comes out.
未完待续……
To be continued…
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