2018年度最震撼照片
The Science Visuals team reviewed the most striking photographs published this year.
《科学》杂志的视效团队回顾了他们这一年来所发布的最具视觉震撼力的照片。
Here are the ones that moved us the most:
以下就是那些最动人的照片：
1.Turbulent waters湍流
INGE JOHNSSON/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO
Iguazu Falls, on the border of Argentina and Brazil, is the largest waterfall system in the world.
位于阿根廷和巴西交界处的伊瓜苏瀑布是世界上最大的瀑布系统。
It’s just one of the many bodies of freshwater that scientists measured using satellite imagery.
这只是科学家利用卫星图像测量的众多淡水水体之一。
Their finding?
他们发现了什么呢？
The world’s rivers and streams take up an impressive 45% more surface area than expected.
世界上的河流和小溪所占的表面积比预期的要大45%。
2.Snake bites蛇咬
JOE MCDONALD/GETTY IMAGES
Venom drips from the fangs of a prairie rattlesnake, one of more than 200,000 animals that produces such toxins.
照片中展示了草原响尾蛇的毒牙牙尖上滴落的毒液，它是20多万只产生这种毒素的动物之一。
But venom isn’t all bad: Researchers have used the substance to create six modern drugs, with more in development.
但毒液并不总是坏的：研究员们利用这种物质研发出了六种现代的药物，还有更多的新药在开发中。
3.HIV’s front line艾滋前线
MISHA FRIEDMAN
Nigerian Rose Kough and her 6-week-old baby receive antiretroviral drugs to avoid mother-to-child HIV transmission.
尼日利亚的罗斯.科夫和她6周大的婴儿接受了抗逆转录病毒药物治疗，以避免母婴传播艾滋病毒。
Nigeria has the highest number of babies born with HIV.
尼日利亚出生的艾滋病毒婴儿数量最多。
But even though it has made pregnant mothers a priority for more than a decade, progress has been slow.
然而，尽管十多年来该国一直把孕妇放在首位，进展仍十分缓慢。
4.Brazil’s tragic fire巴西大火灾
LEO CORREA/AP PHOTO
Flames engulf the 200-year-old National Museum of Brazil in Rio de Janeiro.
大火吞噬了位于里约热内卢的，拥有200年历史的巴西国家博物馆。
Many of the museum’s 20 million specimens—including the oldest known human fossil from Latin America—were lost or severely damaged in the September fire, exacerbated by a missing sprinkler system.
博物馆的2000万份标本中有许多在9月的火灾中丢失或严重损坏，其中包括已知的拉丁美洲最古老的人类化石，由于灭火系统的缺失，火势更加严重。
The fossil, a skull known as Luzia, was later recovered.
这块名为露西亚的头骨化石后来被重新发现。
5.Migrating no more不再迁徙
SYLVAIN CORDIER/GAMMA-RAPHO/GETTY IMAGES
Monarch butterflies swarm in Michoacán state in Mexico during the winter.
墨西哥米却肯州的帝王蝶在冬天会成群结队。
Rising numbers of parasitic infections and easy access to “pit stops” of nonnative milkweed plants have caused many butterflies to drop out of the annual flight from North America to Mexico, perhaps contributing to two decades of plummeting populations.
越来越多的寄生虫感染和非本地乳草类植物的“维护站”，导致许多蝴蝶在从北美飞往墨西哥的年度飞行中中途夭折，这可能是导致20年来种群数量直线下降的原因之一。
6.Flapping wings扇动的翅膀
SKOPEI FILMS/©TU DELFT
A four-winged robot in flight, its path traced with a time exposure.
照片中是一个飞行中的四翼机器人，它的路径通过延时曝光来追踪的。
This agile robot, created by researchers in Delft, the Netherlands, maneuvers using passive aerodynamics to mimic the sliding motion a fruit fly makes when avoiding swatting hands.
这个敏捷的机器人是由荷兰代尔夫特的研究人员发明的，它利用被动空气动力学来模拟果蝇在躲避拍打时的滑动动作。
7.Antibiotics and preemies抗生素和早产儿
JESSE S. JONES/UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
A pediatrician cares for a premature baby at the University of Florida Health Shands Children’s Hospital neonatal intensive care unit in Gainesville.
在盖恩斯维尔的佛罗里达大学健康和儿童医院新生儿重症监护病房，一名儿科医生正在照料一名早产婴儿。
Most of the 500,000 preemies born annually in the United States receive routine antibiotics, in many cases without evidence of infection.
在美国每年出生的50万名早产儿中，大多数都接受常规抗生素治疗，在许多情况下其实没有感染的证据。
Now, some scientists worry that the drugs could damage their developing gut microbiomes and increase their chances of getting sick later in life.
现在，一些科学家担心这些药物可能会损害他们正在发育的肠道微生物群，增加他们晚年生病的机会。
8.Carving out the Cambrian雕刻寒武纪
JOHN LEHMANN
In Kootenay National Park in Canada, a paleontologist uses a rock saw to remove Cambrian-era fossils dating back 500 million years.
在加拿大的库特奈国家公园，一位古生物学家用一把岩石锯移走了5亿年前剑桥时代的化石。
In this isolated part of the Burgess Shale, accessible only by helicopter, researchers have discovered a rich trove of these fossils, shedding new light on the early development of life.
在伯吉斯页岩的这个孤立的部分，只有直升机才能到达，研究人员在这里发现了这些化石的丰富宝藏，为生命的早期发展提供了新的线索。
9.Above water在水上
TANMOY BHADURI
Pran Gopal Mondal, 46, stands on Polder 32, a shrinking artificial island in Gunari, Bangladesh.
照片中，46岁的潘·戈帕尔·蒙达尔站在孟加拉国古纳里日渐缩小的人工岛波尔德32号上。
The country has built 139 polders in an attempt to protect land from the increasing incursions of salty water brought on in part by climate change.
该国已经修建了139块农田，试图保护土地免受咸水入侵，而咸水入侵部分是由气候变化导致的。
10.Eradicating yaws disease根除雅司病
BRIAN CASSEY
Children in Papua New Guinea are some of the main victims of yaws disease, a bacterial infection caused by Treponema pallidum that spreads through simple contact and attacks bones and skin—causing bright pink lesions and lifelong pain.
巴布亚新几内亚的儿童是雅司病的主要受害者之一，雅司病是一种由苍白螺旋体引起的细菌感染，通过简单接触传播，攻击骨骼和皮肤，造成亮粉色病变和终生疼痛。
Scientists hope to eradicate this little-known disease with a massive public health campaign—if governments, funding organizations, and the disease itself cooperate.
科学家们希望通过大规模的公共卫生运动根除这种鲜为人知的疾病——如果政府、资助机构和疾病本身能够合作的话。
11.Deep dives深海潜水
TIMOTHY ALLEN/GETTY IMAGES
A free-diving member of the Bajau people swims with a school of jack fish.
照片中，巴夭族的一个自由泳成员正和一群杰克鱼一起游泳。
New research has found the Indonesian natives—who spend long periods hunting underwater in low-oxygen conditions—carry a gene variant for larger spleens to compensate for the lack of oxygen.
一项新的研究发现，长期在水下低氧环境下狩猎的印度尼西亚土著携带有一种可以形成大脾脏的基因变体，用以弥补缺氧。
12.Shark blood鲨鱼之血
MATT ROTH
Immunologist Helen Dooley of the University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore draws blood from the fin of a nurse shark.
照片中巴尔的摩马里兰大学医学院的免疫学家海伦·杜利正从护士鲨的鳍中提取血液。
Shark blood antibodies are nanoscopic, making them prime candidates for creating future drugs that could treat cancer and other diseases.
鲨鱼血液中的抗体是纳米级的，这使得它们成为未来治疗癌症和其他疾病的药物的首选。
13.Multicellularity多细胞性
WANG CHI LAU/EMBRYOLOGY COURSE AT THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY
The transition from single cell to multicell organisms—a major step in evolution—may not have been as complex as originally thought.
从单细胞到多细胞的转变——这是进化的重要一步——可能并不像人们最初想象的那么复杂。
Students in the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, use multiple stains to highlight the specialized cells in these delicately constructed juvenile squid, Loligo pealei.
马萨诸塞州伍兹霍尔海洋生物实验室的学生们用多种染色法来突出这些精心构建的鱿鱼幼乌贼中的特殊细胞。
14.Space drive太空航行
SPACEX/FLICKR
The successful first flight of the SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket carried a whimsical payload—CEO Elon Musk’s personal Tesla Roadster, piloted by “Starman,” the space-suited dummy.
SpaceX猎鹰重型火箭的首次成功飞行搭载了一个古怪的载荷装置——首席执行官埃隆·马斯克的特斯拉个人跑车，由“星际人”驾驶，就是那个穿着太空服的假人。
Here, he is seen speeding away from Earth on an orbital pathway toward Mars.
在这里，人们看到他加速离开地球，沿着轨道走向火星。
Since the February launch, SpaceX has shifted attention to creating an even larger rocket to advance commercial space travel.
自今年2月发射以来，SpaceX已将注意力转向制造一枚更大的火箭，以推进商业太空旅行。
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