AHA科学声明:急性心肌梗死的机械性并发症(一)

Abdulla A. Damluji,MD,PhD,MPH,FAHA,主席;Sean van Diepen,MD,MSc,FAHA,副主席;Jason N. Katz,MD,MHS,FAHA;Venu Menon,MD,FAHA;Jacqueline E.Tamis-Holland,MD,FAHA;Marie Bakitas,DNSc,CRNP;Mauricio G. Cohen,MD,FAHA;Leora B. Balsam,MD;Joanna Chikwe,MD;代表美国心脏协会临床心脏病学委员会;动脉硬化、血栓形成和血管生物学委员会;心血管外科和麻醉委员会;以及心血管和卒中护理委员会

摘  要 

在过去的几十年中,药物、导管和手术再灌注的进展改善了急性心肌梗死患者的结局。但大面积梗死或未及时接受血运重建的患者仍存在急性心肌梗死机械并发症的风险。最常见的机械并发症是继发于乳头肌破裂的急性二尖瓣返流、室间隔缺损、假性动脉瘤和游离壁破裂;每种并发症均与发病率、死亡率和医院资源利用的重大风险相关。机械并发症患者的护理较为复杂,需多学科合作以迅速识别、诊断、稳定血流动力学和决策支持,帮助患者和家属选择确定性治疗或缓解。但是,由于用于指导临床实践的高质量研究数量较少,护理效果差异很大,主要取决于当地的专业知识和可用资源。

关键词 

AHA科学声明◼老化◼心脏破裂◼心室间隔缺损◼二尖瓣关闭不全 ■ 经皮冠状动脉介入治疗◼再灌注◼ST段抬高型心肌梗死

  正文    

在本美国心脏协会(AHA)科学声明中,我们
(1)定义了急性心肌梗死机械并发症的流行病学;
(2)提出当代最佳医疗、介入和手术管理实践考虑;
(3)考虑临床决策和支持治疗中的最佳实践;
(4)概述未来研究的特定研究差距,以改善该高敏锐度和复杂患者人群的整体心血管治疗和出院后结局。
在美国,AHA估计急性心肌梗死(AMI)的总体患病率为3%1,但在过去的几十年中,一级预防的进展使经年龄和性别校正的AMI发病率显著下降2。虽然有这样的改善,但经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后大面积梗死、晚期住院和缺乏组织水平再灌注(归因于无复流或冠状动脉血流不良)仍是机械并发症、血流动力学不稳定和泵衰竭的危险因素3。尽管机械并发症的发生率仍然较低,但相关的死亡率较高,尤其是在老年患者中4
此外,手术和经皮治疗选择通常是复杂的,需要心脏重症监护医师、非侵入性心脏病专家、心力衰竭/移植专家、介入心脏病专家、心脏外科医生、姑息治疗专家、护理和相关医疗保健专业人员的多学科团队的专业知识。这些并发症的高敏锐度和时间敏感性表现强调了需要及时识别和及时开始治疗,以减轻心源性休克和潜在死亡的长期状态。此外,区分AMI的机械并发症与非心源性休克或其他原因泵衰竭需要整合无创成像和有创血流动力学评估。
指导AMI机械并发症管理的高质量证据很少,ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)管理的国际临床实践指南缺乏与机械并发症相关的治疗学和多学科管理的全面讨论5,6。因此,不同机构采取的管理方式可能因当地专门知识和现有资源而有所不同。
在本AHA科学声明中,我们旨在(1)定义AMI机械并发症的流行病学;(2)提出当代最佳医疗、介入和手术管理实践考虑;(3)考虑临床决策和支持治疗中的最佳实践;(4)概述未来研究的具体研究差距,以改善该高敏锐度和复杂患者人群的整体心血管治疗和出院后结局。

机械并发症的风险因素

在过去30年中,区域化治疗系统内及时再灌注得到改善,最佳药物治疗取得了进步,这有助于降低AMI的死亡率3,7


但这些改善受到美国人口老龄化和合并症负担较高(作为AMI后机械并发症风险因素)的挑战4,8。虽然出现STEMI的患者比例暂时下降,但当代有机械性并发症的患者往往年龄较大、为女性、有心力衰竭、慢性肾病病史,常表现为首次AMI7,9,10


此外,社会经济因素的差异可在影响AMI后健康结局中发挥重要作用11。例如,先前的研究报告称,与社会经济阶层较低的受益人相比,收入最高的医疗保险受益人较早到医院就诊,更有可能由心导管插入术机构的专业人员予以治疗,且接受指南指导的药物治疗的比率较高11


尽管STEMI的血运重建策略和护理过程有所改善,但随着时间的推移,机械并发症的发生率相对不变。普遍认为的心血管风险因素的患病率不断增加,以及美国人口老龄化,在一定程度上解释了上述现象10,12,13

再灌注策略的历史和机械并发症的流行病学

纤维蛋白溶解治疗的引入标志着治疗STEMI的再灌注治疗时代的开始,总死亡率因此降低了40%14

从20世纪90年代初开始,并持续到下一个十年,多项研究支持直接PCI的策略,这被证明是恢复心肌血流的更安全和有效的疗法,能进一步降低短期和长期死亡率15,16

随着直接PCI作为首选再灌注策略的应用,现在的重点是改善护理系统,以最大限度地提高接受PCI的患者比例,并强调及时的经皮血运重建17

研究证明,当急救医疗服务和医院系统使用协调的护理方案协同工作时,STEMI和心源性休克的死亡率可进一步降低18,19

过去20年中,对AMI患者系统采用早期经皮血运重建对AMI机械并发症的全球发生率产生了有利影响。在直接PCI时代,当重点关注STEMI治疗系统时,观察到了仅有轻微降低(图1)8,13,20,21。尽管有这些改进,但报告机械并发症患者结局的研究显示了矛盾的结果8,10,12,20,21

一些研究显示结果改善,但大多数研究报告,虽然随着时间的推移,机械循环支持器械的使用增加,经皮治疗用于管理一些休克并发症,以及手术技术和结果得到改善,但机械并发症的病死率仍保持不变8,10,13

在当代研究中,近3/4的患者出现过心源性休克,大多需要血管加压药、球囊泵或经皮左心室支持器械22。继发于心源性休克的心输出量减少导致全身灌注不足和缺血、炎症、血管收缩和容量超负荷的不适应循环,最终引起多系统衰竭和死亡23

临床试验的最新证据表明,直接PCI与纤维蛋白溶解联合辅助药物治疗之间无死亡率差异24。尽管在AMI管理方面有所改善,但很难确定一种因果机制来解释随时间推移的稳定发生率,可能的解释包括

(1)美国人口快速老龄化,这增加了机械并发症的风险队列;

(2)心脏成像和检测机械并发症的诊断能力改善;

(3)具备多学科护理和先进的血流动力学支持系统的专门心脏中心增多,能接收并分诊这些患者。

1.不同再灌注策略下急性心肌梗死机械并发症发生率和死亡率的时间线。

PCI表示经皮冠状动脉介入治疗;STEMI表示ST段抬高型心肌梗死。

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