佛教和盛唐王朝的宝藏——法门寺地宫
2019年12月份,笔者来到西安法门寺旅游,其行主要目的是看法门寺地宫中出土的文物,特别是想一睹神秘的唐代秘色瓷真身。
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法门寺地宫虽然小,但当时地宫中却摆满了各类珍贵文物,尤如佛教和盛唐王朝的宝藏,是世界上迄今为止发现的年代最久远、规模最大、等级最高的佛塔地宫。
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笔者认为,法门寺地宫文物至少解惑了两大疑团:一是地宫中是否有释迦牟尼真身舍利;二是唐代秘色瓷到底是什么釉色。
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从地宫中主要发掘的文物有:
1、真身舍利
地宫打开期间共发现有4枚舍利,其中两枚为白玉所制,一枚为一高僧的舍利。这三枚都属于'影骨',和'灵骨'放置在一起是为了保护后者。'灵骨'色黄而有似骨质的颗粒分泌物,经专家鉴定,这一枚就是真身佛骨。法门寺也随着真身舍利的出土而成为佛教的胜地。
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2、折叠感应舍利
与真身舍利同出秘龛的有两枚水晶球,这两枚水晶球是佛指真身舍利的感应舍利,体现着佛教中国化过程中灵骨、影骨和感应舍利'三位一体'的佛舍利体系的新特点。
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3、折叠金银器
法门寺地宫中珍藏的金银器多达120多件(组),具有很高的考古价值。这些金银器多是为皇帝迎送佛骨的活动而专门制造的礼器,做工极为考究,多刻有錾铭,为判断物主、断代提供了方便。
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3、折叠香具
在清理法门寺地宫文物时,发现有熏香品9件。据地宫内《物帐碑》记载,唐肃宗奉佛的香炉3件,唐禧宗供养的'香囊两枚,重十五两三分'。这是唐代皇帝在宫廷使用熏香器的明证。
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4、折叠琉璃器
琉璃即是今天的玻璃,中国的琉璃加工技术长期受西亚地区的影响,风格多是伊斯兰式的。由于难得,琉璃器同金玉之类一样珍贵。地宫中的琉璃器多是盘、碟、碗等承托器皿。共有20余件。
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5、秘色瓷
在法门寺地宫开启前,对秘色瓷一直有各种说法,有认为秘色指的是一种釉色的隐秘,也有人认为是对一种颜色的叫法。地宫物账碑中记载,以及十三件秘色瓷器珍品的出土揭开了这个谜团。
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6、折叠丝织品
唐朝时中国的丝绸织物已发展到一个高峰,地宫中的丝织品就成了很好的佐证。这些物品多是历代皇后所供奉的,其中还有武则天的'武后绣裙'一件。
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7、折叠佛经
法门寺现在所指法门寺中最早的佛经是武则天时的'千佛碑'所刻《大般涅盘经》,但现已无存。唐武宗时的灭佛运动焚毁了许多法门寺的藏经,但收集、修补佛经的工作一直在进行。真身宝塔半壁坍塌后,藏经得到了清理,所藏经卷有《毗卢藏》的全部资料、《普宁藏》的全部题记和《秘密经》的目录。
8、折叠佛像
明代的13层宝塔上共有88个佛龛,每龛一佛,到1939年整修时只剩下68尊。后经清理共有98尊佛像,许多都装有佛经,为明代和民国的装藏。
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