图8:缺血性卒中血糖管理相关研究6颅内外动脉狭窄对于症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄≥70%的缺血性脑卒中或TIA患者,在标准内科药物治疗无效的情况下,可选择血管内介入治疗作为内科药物治疗的辅助技术手段,但患者的选择应严格和慎重;在手术时机选择方面,非致残性缺血性卒中或TIA后2周内进行颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)可改善结局,但在最初48 h内进行CEA与早期卒中复发风险增加相关。经皮颈动脉支架血管成形术(CAS)有助于减少血栓形成、栓塞等不良事件;对于动脉内膜切除术后再狭窄、麻醉和手术风险大的患者,可考虑给予CAS。但对于年龄≥70岁的患者CAS的围术期卒中和死亡风险大于CEA[1]。7其他危险因素22个国家的缺血性和出血性卒中危险因素(Risk Factors for Ischaemic and Intracerebral Haemorrhagic Stroke in 22 Countries,INTERSTROKE)研究发现,高血压病史或血压≥160/90 mmHg、体育活动少、高载脂蛋白B(ApoB)/ApoA1比例、饮食、腰臀比高、社会心理压力和抑郁、吸烟、心脏原因(如心房颤动和既往心肌梗死)、酗酒和糖尿病等10个危险因素可以解释全球缺血性卒中人群归因风险的91.5%[11]。参考资料:[1]王拥军.缺血性卒中的二级预防[J].中华神经科杂志,2021,54(02):139-148.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn113694-20201009-00766[2]AdamsHP,BendixenBH,KappelleLJ,et al.Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke.Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial.TOAST.Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment[J].Stroke,1993,24(1):35-41.DOI:10.1161/01.str.24.1.35.[3]GaoS,WangYJ,XuAD,et al.Chinese ischemic stroke subclassification[J].Front Neurol,2011,2:6.DOI:10.3389/fneur.2011.00006.[4]WangY,WangY,ZhaoX,et al.Clopidogrel with aspirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack[J].N Engl J Med,2013,369(1):11-19.DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1215340.[5]JohnstonSC,EastonJD,FarrantM,et al.Clopidogrel and aspirin in acute ischemic stroke and high-risk TIA[J].N Engl J Med,2018,379(3):215-225.DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1800410.[6]国家卫生健康委员会脑卒中防治专家委员会房颤卒中防治专业委员会,中华医学会心电生理和起搏分会,中国医师协会心律学专业委员会.中国心源性卒中防治指南(2019)[J].中华心律失常学杂志,2019,23(6):463-484.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-6638.2019.06.002.[7]NishimuraRA,OttoCM,BonowRO,et al.2017 AHA/ACC focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease:a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines[J].Circulation,2017,135(25):e1159-e1195.DOI:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000503.[8]GrundySM,StoneNJ,BaileyAL,et al.2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol:a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines[J].Circulation,2019,139(25):e1082-e1143.DOI:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000625.[9]AmarencoP,KimJS,LabreucheJ,et al.A comparison of two LDL cholesterol targets after ischemic stroke[J].N Engl J Med,2020,382(1):9.DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1910355.[10]InvestigatorsSPS3,BenaventeOR,HartRG,et al.Effects of clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with recent lacunar stroke[J].N Engl J Med,2012,367(9):817-825.DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1204133.[11]O′DonnellMJ,XavierD,LiuL,et al.Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries(the INTERSTROKE study):a case-control study[J].Lancet,2010,376(9735):112-123.DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60834-3.本文首发:医学界神经病学频道本文整理:Saber本文审核:李土明副主任医师责任编辑:陆离先生版权申明