英语条件状语从句的用法大全
一、往期状语从句回顾
二、条件状语从句
英语里条件状语从句主要用来表示主句的动作发生的条件、假想、推测或意愿等,常用来引导条件状语从句的连接词或短语有if、unless、in case、as/so long as、but for、on condition that、supposing that、provided that等。
(一)if
最常用的连词是if,由if引导的条件状语从句表示在某种条件下某事很可能会发生。
if引导的条件句可以分为真实条件句和非真实条件句。真实条件句表示现实中可能会实现的情况,而非真实条件句则用来表示与现实情况相反的假设。
1、真实条件句
if引导的真实条件句一般遵循“主将从现”的用法原则,即:主句谓语动词采用一般将来时,而从句谓语动词则采用一般现在时。其中,主句和从句的顺序可以根据句子需要强调主句还是从句来调换——当if条件句位于句首时,后面一般要用逗号与主句隔开;但是,当if条件句位于句末时,主从句之间无需用逗号。如:
She will buy him a cardigan if her son asks her to. (如果她儿子要求的话,她就给他买一件羊毛衫。)
If everyone does his part, the project will surely be a success. (如果大家都尽责,这个项目肯定会成功。)
【注意】
这种情况下,其主句的谓语动词也有可能采用“情态动词+动词原形”的用法,或者采用祈使句等。如:
You can do it this way if you care to. (如果你乐意的话,可以这样做。)
If you go to a private hospital, you must pay. (如果你去一家私立医院就诊,你得付费。)
We should practice economy even if we are rich. ( 即使我们富裕了也仍应该厉行节约。)
If he comes back, tell him the good news at once. (如果他回来,马上告诉他这个好消息。)
2、非真实条件句
又称虚拟条件句,这就牵涉到条件句中的虚拟语气的用法。具体内容请参考我之前分享的文章,请点击下面的文章标题浏览:
条件句中的虚拟语气用法大全
(二)unless
表示“除非,若不”,相当于if...not...。如:
One can not learn a language well unless one works hard. (学好一种语言非下苦功不可。)
I won't go to the party unless I'm invited. (除非我被邀请,否则我不会去参加晚会的。)
【注意】
1、当主句和从句的主语一致时,或是无需指明主语时,unless引导的从句结构可以简化为省略主语的短语。如:
He's likely to land in hot water unless restrained by wiser counsel. (除非听人忠告有所收敛,他很有可能陷入麻烦。)
Unless (being) rich, I am not going to buy a house. (非有钱,要不然我是不会买房子的。)
Don't pull the chicken switch, unless absolutely necessary. (除非绝对必要,请不要碰紧急弹射按钮。)
2、but for
but for表示“如果没有”,是介词短语,后面只能接单词或短语,不能接句子。而且,其主句谓语动词一般都要采用虚拟语气。此时的but for相当于是if it weren't for。如:
But for your advice, I should have failed. (要不是你的忠告,我会失败的。)
But for music, life would be dull. (要不是音乐,人生会很无聊。)
(三)in case
表示“万一,如果”,它皆可以用于引导真实条件句,也可用于引导非真实条件句。如:
1、真实条件句
In case she comes back, let me know immediately. (假使她回来了,立刻告诉我。)
We allowed a margin of twenty minutes in case the bus was late. (我们预留二十分钟宽裕时间,以防汽车晚点。)
2、非真实条件句
此时,in case所引导的从句中的谓语动词一般采用“should+do”的形式,should可以省略。如:
He brought his raincoat in case it (should) rain. (他带上雨衣,以防下雨。)
Here's a stick in case you (should) need it. (给你根木棍, 也许你用得着它。)
(四)as/so long as
表示“只要...就...”,语气较为强烈。如:
So long as I have time, I'll go with you. (只要我有功夫,我就陪你去。)
I do not mind as long as it does not rain. (只要不下雨就行了。)
【注意】
不要把条件状语从句与比较状语从句混淆了。如:
You can keep my book as long as you like. (我的书你要借多久都随你的便。)
You may stay as long as you please. (你爱呆多久就呆多久。)
上面两句话中的long是作为副词,分别修饰前面主句的谓语动词keep和stay,表示时间的长短。
(五)on condition that
表示“在…条件下”,它引导的条件从句是主句事件发生的前提条件或唯一条件。如:
I'll come on condition that John is invited too. (如果约翰也受到邀请,我就来。)
You can use the bicycle on condition that you return it tomorrow. (只要你明天归还,自行车你可以拿去用。)
(六)supposing that
表示“如果,假如”,它引导的条件状语从句表示一种假设条件。
Supposing that there is no pure water; what shall we drink? (假如没有纯净的水,人们喝什么?)
Supposing that he does not come, shall we go without him? (假如他不来,我们不带他就走吗?)
(七)provided that
表示“假如,除非,以…为条件”,它引导的条件状语从句表示一种假设条件。
I shall go provided that it doesn't rain. (假如不下雨我就去。)
Provided that you pay for costs, we can go along with that. (如果你们同意支付费用,我们可以同意那一点。)