本书从实务的角度为专利管理提供有价值的管理见解，分析全球最重要的当前行业和新技术，由在管理和学术界具有杰出经验的知名作者撰写。
2.2 Offensive and Defensive Patent Strategies
Depending on their orientation and aggressiveness, patent strategies can be subdivided into offensive and defensive patent ones:Offensive Patent StrategiesThis orientation is based on the strategic planning of intellectual property use within the framework of corporate and business activities, in addition to which patent rights are then proactively and aggressively enforced. This strategy is rounded off by active participation in various interest groups in the legal development of intellectual property legislation.For years, the American semiconductor memory company Rambus has pursued an aggressive marketing strategy for its patent portfolio with licensing requirements for a specific clock and bus process for SDRAM memory chips. For several years, numerous patent infringement cases have been pending in the USA and Europe, causing irritations within the semiconductor memory industry. Rambus, one example, reached a settlement with Samsung, which secured for the company a large compensation payment.As a tactical maneuver, some companies also apply for patents to lure their competitors down a wrong path. These patents involve little effort, and the examination fees are also not paid. The only desired effect of this measure is to deliberately mislead competitors as to the technological direction being taken. However, the value of this maneuver should not be overestimated, especially if used too frequently.US-based patent aggregating companies having no products of their own, which business leaders often characterize as “patent trolls,” are companies characterized by the most aggressive use of patent strategies, since defending patents is the business model. These strategies also make sense for the reason that most patent litigations end in a settlement (Krech et al. 2015). Trolling is most practicable where the cost of litigation is enormous, especially in the USA, or where a process of uncovering is part of the legal action (Thompson 2013).Defensive Patent StrategiesThis strategy aims to minimize the impact of third-party IP strategies on your business. The medium-sized furniture supplier Hettich pursues an aggressive defense strategy. Through excellent handling of state-of-the-art information, numerous confrontational proceedings against competitive patents are engaged in, and attacks by competitors are leveraged.Offensive/Defensive Patent StrategiesLarge companies in particular often pursue hybrid patent strategies with both offensive and defensive components. Although Siemens and Microsoft both pursue offensive strategies in the above mentioned sense. One particular tactic is always directed at minimizing the effects of third parties on their own companies. At Siemens, this is driven by the broad diversity of its products and services. For example, competitors of one division are often customers of another. Microsoft, on the other hand, is very sensitive to attacks coming from third parties; this is due to the company’s high global market share based on a comparatively limited product and service offering.Companies characterized by such an activity and competition configuration therefore increasingly conclude exchange contracts for patent licenses in order to reduce their own exposure. As a result, lighting manufacturer Osram, and electronics manufacturer Sharp concluded a far-reaching agreement on the reciprocal licensing ofpatents in 2013. This agreement covers patents of both companies in the field of optoelectronic semiconductor components as well as products in which these are contained. It thus encompasses LED and laser diode chips and modules, as well as luminaires. Osram had previously to this entered into patent exchange agreements with other major opto-semiconductor manufacturers such as Nichia, Philips, Toyoda Gosei, Cree, Samsung, and LG to reduce the risk of unintentionally using the intellectual property rights of other companies (Osram 2013).The 10 Patent Management Principles of Geberit
Geberit is active in sanitary technology and has over 6000 subsidiaries worldwide; the tenets of its patent policy are:
1. Application policy: Geberit applies for protectable inventions consciously and in a targeted manner. Before applying the positioning of the patents is decided upon.
2. Collision avoidance: For each development project, a patent analysis is conducted.
3. Portfolio review: The Geberit patent portfolio is evaluated annually in terms of cost-benefit. The application criteria serve as a decision basis for dropping or maintaining each individual patent.
4. Invention offerings: Geberit examines inventions made by other companies in terms of their technical and commercial viability. The patent legal analysis becomes part of the corporate decision process.
5. Competitor surveillance: Geberit follows a strict publication policy in its own domain and also for adjacent technical ones; this is to prevent competitors from being able to ease in on their territory.
6. Competitive and Technology Analyses: For specifically defined competitors, systematic patent and technology analyses are conducted.
7. Licensing: Through an internal Geberit licensing system, R&D activities are financed, but Geberit does not actively license its patents to third parties.
8. Enforcement: Geberit robustly enforces its patents against all possible infringers.
9. Information systems: Geberit ensures the necessary flow of information for its own patents using a periodic report, suited for its level and business units.
10. Organization: The patent activities are centrally led and coordinated; the decentralized R&D units protect their own market-specific developments themselves.
Google翻译，仅供参考：
2.2进攻型和防守型专利策略
根据它们的方向和进取性，专利策略可以细分为进攻型和防御型专利策略：
进攻型专利策略
这种定位基于公司和商业活动框架内的知识产权使用战略规划，此外，专利权还将得到积极主动地执行。通过积极参与知识产权法律的制定中的各个利益集团来完善该策略。
多年来，美国半导体存储公司Rambus对其专利产品组合采取了激进的营销策略，对SDRAM存储芯片的特定时钟和总线工艺提出了许可要求。几年来，在美国和欧洲，许多专利侵权案件正在审理中，这引起了半导体存储行业的不满。例如，Rambus与三星达成和解，后者为该公司获得了一笔大笔赔偿。
作为一种战术手段，一些公司还申请专利，以诱使竞争对手误入歧途。这些专利不费吹灰之力，也不会支付检查费。该措施的唯一预期效果是故意误导竞争对手有关所采用的技术方向。但是，不应高估此操作的价值，尤其是如果使用频率太高的话。
在美国，没有自己的产品的专利聚合公司（企业领导者通常将其称为“专利巨魔”）是特征在于最积极地使用专利策略的公司，因为捍卫专利是商业模式。这些策略之所以有意义，是因为大多数专利诉讼都以和解而告终（Krech等人，2015）。在诉讼成本巨大的情况下（尤其是在美国），或者在法律诉讼的一部分中进行揭露程序的情况下，拖曳是最切实可行的（Thompson 2013）。
防御型专利策略
此策略旨在最大程度地减少第三方IP策略对您的业务的影响。中型家具供应商海蒂诗（Hettich）奉行积极的防御策略。通过对最新信息的出色处理，针对竞争性专利进行了许多对抗性诉讼，并利用了竞争对手的攻击。
进攻型/防御型专利策略
特别是大公司通常会同时采用具有进攻性和防御性成分的混合专利策略。尽管西门子和微软都在上述意义上奉行进攻战略。一种特殊的策略始终旨在最大程度地降低第三方对自己公司的影响。在西门子，这是由其产品和服务的广泛多样性所驱动的。例如，一个部门的竞争对手通常是另一部门的客户。另一方面，微软对来自第三方的攻击非常敏感。这是由于基于相对有限的产品和服务产品，公司在全球市场上占有较高的份额。
因此，以这种活动和竞争配置为特征的公司越来越多地签订专利许可的交换合同，以减少自身的风险。结果，照明制造商Osram和电子制造商Sharp在2013年就专利的相互许可达成了意义深远的协议。该协议涵盖了两家公司在光电子半导体组件及其所含产品中的专利。因此，它涵盖了LED和激光二极管芯片和模块以及照明设备。欧司朗此前已与其他主要的光电半导体制造商（例如Nichia，Philips，Toyoda Gosei，Cree，Samsung和LG）签订了专利交换协议，以减少无意中使用其他公司的知识产权的风险 (Osram 2013)。
吉博力的十项专利管理原则
吉博力活跃于卫生技术领域，在全球拥有6000多家子公司；其专利政策的宗旨是：
1.申请政策：吉博力有意识地有针对性地申请可保护的发明。在申请专利之前，必须确定专利的位置。
2.避免冲突：对于每个开发项目，都要进行专利分析。
3.投资组合审查：吉博力（Geberit）专利投资组合每年根据成本效益进行评估。申请标准是删除或维护每个专利的决策依据。
4.发明产品：吉博力检查其他公司在技术和商业可行性方面的发明。专利法律分析已成为公司决策过程的一部分。
5.竞争者监视：吉博力在其自身领域以及相邻技术领域遵循严格的发布政策；这是为了防止竞争对手放松自己的领土。
6.竞争和技术分析：对于专门定义的竞争者，进行了系统的专利和技术分析。
7.许可：通过内部的Geberit许可系统，为研发活动提供了资金，但是Geberit并未主动将其专利许可给第三方。
8.强制执行：吉博力（Geberit）坚决针对所有可能的侵权者强制执行其专利。
9.信息系统：Geberit使用适合其级别和业务部门的定期报告，确保其自身专利的必要信息流。
10.组织：专利活动由中央领导和协调；分散的研发部门自己保护自己的特定市场发展。
Source:https://www.springer.com/cn/book/9783030590086Each article is copyrighted to their original authors. The news is for informational purposes only and does not provide legal advice.
