Batcho–Leimgruber吲哚合成反应
邻硝基甲苯类化合物和甲酰胺缩醛(如DMFDMA)缩合得到trans-β-二烷基胺基-2-硝基苯乙烯,接着还原得到吲哚类化合物的反应。
此反应原料邻硝基甲苯(衍生物)易得,反应条件温和,产率较高,因此常用作Fischer吲哚合成的替代方法。还原方法一般通过加氢,但当分子内有敏感官能团(比如:Br,I都可或烯烃等)存在时可通过化学还原如:NH2NH2-RaneyNi, 铁粉,TiCl3, 锌粉还原得到吲哚。
反应机理
首先二甲基甲酰胺二甲缩醛,甲氧基负离子离去,产生一个活性更强的中间体。它受到邻硝基甲苯甲基氢去质子化形成的碳负离子的进攻,失去甲醇,得到上述烯胺。这一步的产物烯胺类似于一种分别在两侧连有吸电子和供电子取代基的烯烃(Push-pull olefin),极性较强,而且常因分子中较大的共轭范围而呈深红色。反应的第二步中硝基被还原为氨基,接着环化并消除得到最终产物。
反应实例
Kozikowski, A. P.; Ishida, H.; Chen, Y.-Y. J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 3350–3352
Batcho, A. D.; Leimgruber, W. Org. Synth. 1985, 63, 214–225
Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 7990–7993
Org. Process Res. Dev. 2012, 16, 1897–1904
在不加入吡咯烷时此反应通常反应较慢,加入吡咯烷后反应速率会迅速提高,因为吡咯烷先和DMFDMA反应,产生一个活性更强的试剂。
To a solution of 4-methoxy-2-nitrotoluene 1 (17.9 g, 0.107 mol) in 200 mL of dry DMFwas added DMFDMA (42 mL, 0.316 mol) and pyrrolidine (10 mL, 0.12 mmol). The mixture was heated at 105 ℃ for 19 h under nitrogen, then cooled, diluted with water and extracted with ether (8×50 mL). The ether layer was extracted with water (3×25 mL), dried with sodiumsulfate, and concentrated to give a deep red oil 2 which was dissolverin ethyl acetate (150 mL), and to the solution was added 10% palladium oncarbon (1.8 g). Hydrogenation at 50 p.s.i. with shaking for 3h and then filtration through celite gave a light brown filtrate. This filtrate is evaporated to purple oil,which was purified by chromatography on silica gel (eluent: DCM) to give6-methoxyindole Yield: 76%
编译自:J.J. Li, Name Reactions: A Collection of Detailed Mechanisms and Synthetic Applications, Batcho–Leimgruber indole synthesis,page34-35.