中国的减贫“绝招”,外国学者研究得透透的!【双语聚焦】

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2021年2月25日,中国正式向世界宣告消除绝对贫困。在此后的近3个月里,从世界范围看,新冠疫情使全球经济增长所面临的诸多问题雪上加霜,减贫进程进一步减慢。世界银行集团行长戴维·马尔帕斯表示:“大流行和全球经济衰退可能导致世界人口的1.4%以上陷入极端贫困。为了防止发展进程和减贫事业的严重倒退,各国需要为不同的疫后经济做好准备,允许资本、劳动力、技能和创新进入新的行业和部门。”那么,世界该如何去做?尤其对于广大发展中国家而言,减贫事业又是否有可参考的样本?尼泊尔学者伊姆兰·乌尔·拉赫曼讲述了他眼中的中国减贫“绝招”。
自1978年实施改革开放以来,中国已经通过灵活多样且有针对性的扶贫政策,让8.5亿公民摆脱了极端贫困,其中包括最近十年脱贫的1亿人口。中国的政策方略无疑为其他发展中国家解决极端贫困问题树立了榜样。

Since 1978, China through its flexible approach and targeted policies towards poverty alleviation, has moved 850 million of its citizens out of extreme poverty including 100 million residents just in the last 10 years. The government's policies and strategies set an example for other developing nations to follow in dealing with extreme poverty.

为消除贫困,中国灵活施策,精准扶贫,创新方法。

To eradicate poverty from the society, the government of China utilized multitude of flexible and targeted conventional and innovative approaches.

传统施策主要着眼于,通过为贫困家庭提供教育、医疗、储蓄、资助补贴、技能培训以及资产等方面的支持,帮助其摆脱贫困。

Conventional policies primarily targeted households through education, healthcare, savings, funding and subsidies, skill development and trainings, and asset provision.

创新性的政策则大多围绕中国社会经济的原则和特色提出。这些开创性策略体现出中国式的思维方式,包括易地扶贫搬迁,改善基础设施,建设新城镇和对口帮扶(在机构、乡镇和城市之间进行)等。而且,这些面向贫困人口的帮扶措施在国家和地方层面都得到了落实。

The Innovative policies mostly revolved around the Chinese socio-economic principles and characteristics. The key features of the groundbreaking and relevant policies that can be linked to the Chinese way of thinking were the relocation of poor communities, infrastructure growth, creation of new towns, and coupling (institutions, towns, cities). As a form of support for disadvantaged communities, the measures were enforced at both the local and national levels.

过去十年,为实现脱贫目标,中国政府把工作重心放在贫困人口的易地搬迁和重新安置上。官方指出,生活在偏远地区,一方面导致了农民的低收入,另一方面造成了公共服务设施的高成本。因此,各地组织了大规模的易地扶贫搬迁工作,将农村贫困人口重新安置到具备基本公共服务设施和就业机会的城镇或附近。

During the last decade, the Government of China focused on the relocation and resettlement of impoverished families to fulfill its poverty-eradication goals. Officials claimed that peasants' income was reduced by living in remote terrains, and that the costs of delivering and transporting municipal services were high. To assist families in escaping poverty, city officials organized huge resettlement and relocation drives in which impoverished residents were relocated to neighboring towns with basic services and income opportunities.

2015年底,中国承诺在接下来的五年里投入6000亿元人民币(约合891亿美元),用于安置约1000万的贫困人口。此后,中国农村地区的贫困情况得到显著改善。到2019年,这1000万人口全都摆脱了贫困。

At the end of 2015, China pledged to spend 600 billion yuan ($89.1 billion) over the following five years to relocate approximately 10 million impoverished people. China's rural areas have seen significant improvements as a result of the initiative. The country pulled 10 million people out of impoverishment in 2019.

为吸纳农村地区的人力资源、安置富余劳动力,中国还在全国范围的不同乡村,根据当地需求建立产业。同时,为帮助农村贫困人口增加收入、减少贫困,中国发展了大量劳动密集型产业。据报道,2019年中国有2.1亿人在第二产业就业。

To utilize the human resources and surplus labor force in rural areas, the government of China also set up industries keeping in mind the requirements in different villages all across the country. To help poor people make more money and reduce poverty in rural areas, China developed a large number of labor-intensive industries. In 2019, reports suggested that 210 million people were employed in the secondary industry.

政府还通过降税和提供补贴来促进投资者在贫困地区投资兴业。这些政策不仅创造了本地就业机会,还减少了劳动力向其他城市的转移。

The government also promoted investments in the poor regions by reducing taxes on investors and providing subsidies for setting up businesses and industries in the poor communities. These policies not only created employment opportunities but also reduced the emigration of workers to other cities.

为实现中央制定的脱贫目标,各地政府鼓励干部到贫困偏远地区挂职工作。2016年,共有77.5万名干部前往农村贫困地区服务1至3年,以改善当地的条件。这项政策无疑有助于降低这些地区(继续)发生贫困状况的机率。

For supporting and assisting the Central Government's poverty alleviation targets, officials and government employees were encouraged to work in poor and remote areas of the country. Under the policy, just in 2016, a total of 775,000 officials were sent to the countryside, where they worked for one to three years to improve conditions in deprived regions. The policy certainly contributed in cutting the poverty rates of the areas.

此外,农民种植相同作物可以进行联合经营,从而提高了农业专业化水平并增加了产量。在农民的管理水平和培训方面,地方政府吸纳年轻人,对他们进行管理培训,以便增强农民技能,提高产量,增加收入。通过这些举措,农民有了稳定的收入,从而打破了贫困的恶性循环。

In addition, land mergers amongst farmers who grow the same products resulted in specialization and increased agricultural production. For farmer management and training, the local government recruited young people from the community and trained them as managers to help the government support and train farmers to increase their productions and incomes. Farmers were able to earn a stable income and break the cycle of poverty as a result of these efforts.

中国共产党始终高度重视青年人群。政府制定的政策为年轻一代创造机会,不断吸引和动员年轻人开展创业扶贫和职业教育合作,从而鼓励农村青年成为致富带头人,帮助贫困青年摆脱贫困。

The Communist Party of China (CPC) continued to place a strong emphasis on youth. The government devised policies that would lead to the creation of opportunities for the young generation in order to capture and mobilize the young population. The "entrepreneurship and poverty alleviation" model and "vocational education cooperation" were developed to encourage rural youth to become affluent leaders who can assist impoverished young people in escaping poverty.

在脱贫攻坚战中,旅游业也成为优先选项和重要工具。政府加大了对贫困地区改善基础设施和其他配套设施的资助,以便发展乡村旅游业,吸引国内外游客。

The tourism sector has also become a primary priority and significant tool in eradicating poverty. The government increased funding for poor communities to build infrastructure and other facilities in order to expand the rural tourism sector and attract both domestic and foreign tourists.

2019至2020年,共有320个村庄列入国家级乡村旅游重点村名单。据统计,2019年,中国乡村旅游接待游客约32亿人次,营业收入达8500多亿元人民币(约合1194亿美元)。

In 2019-2020, a total of 320 villages were designated as national-level key spots to promote rural tourism. According to national figures, 3.2 billion tourists visited China's rural areas in 2019, adding over 850 billion yuan ($119.4 billion) to the tourism industry.

通过有效的减贫政策,中国提前十年实现了联合国2030年可持续发展议程减贫目标。不仅如此,自1989年以来,中国年均GDP增速保持在6%以上。鉴于中国在减贫方面取得的显著成就,这种“中国模式”或可为其他国家应对系统性贫困提供范例。

Through the notable policies of the government, China was not only able to achieve the goal of poverty alleviation 10 years before the target year set by the UN 2030 SDGs but also maintained a steady average growth level above 6 percent since 1989. Given its remarkable strides in poverty alleviation, China presents the "Chinese approach" as a suitable model for other countries grappling with systemic poverty.

不论是社会经济层面,还是地缘政治层面,2020年暴发的新冠肺炎疫情对世界各国都造成了严重冲击和破坏。这场危机导致各国经济停滞,陷入衰退。而中国在努力控制疫情的同时,还完成了脱贫攻坚的重任,这无疑为世界其他国家应对此类严峻形势提供了宝贵经验。

The outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 proved to be devastating for nations all across the world by socio-economic and geo-political indicators. The crisis halted economic activities and drove nations into economic downfall and recession. On the other hand, the way China managed to control the effects of the pandemic while eliminating poverty at the same time certainly provides valuable lessons for the world to cope with such conditions.

世界各地的发展中国家也面临着与贫困相关的严重挑战和问题。中国在特定时期和特定领域采取的具体而有针对性的脱贫策略,可以为这些发展中国家提供重要启示。根据世界银行的统计数据,全球有9亿多人仍然生活在极端贫困中;而受疫情影响,情况还在恶化——许多国家出现了经济滑坡、收入下降、失业率攀升等问题。因此,全球贫困水平或因疫情加重的风险正在凸显。

Developing nations around the world are also facing serious challenges and issues related to poverty. The specific and targeted strategies adopted by China in certain period and areas can provide huge implications for these developing nations. According to the statistics of the World Bank, over 900 million people live in extreme poverty across the globe and the situation is assumed to worsen due to the consequences of the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Many nations are already witnessing decline in income, growth and economy, rise in unemployment, and thus, there is a major risk of a rise in global poverty levels.

发达国家和发展中国家应该承认并认识到中国在消除极端贫困和提升人民生活水平方面取得的成就。中国所采取的政策可以成为范本,供许多国家结合自身实际加以参考。

Developed and developing nations should realize and recognize the achievements and progress made by China in eliminating extreme poverty and enabling its citizens to enjoy a better life. These policies can be ideal yardsticks for many nations to follow in accordance with their own statuses.

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