乌材柿
中文名:乌木 学名:Diospyros spp。 英文名:Ebony 别名:柿木 科别:柿树科 主要产地:乌木种类甚多,但真正称乌木的是指心材黑色者,如世界著名乌木(D。ebnum)、非洲乌木(African ebony,D。atrispurpruea)、西非乌木(west African ebony,D。 dendo)和加蓬乌木(African ebony,D。piscatoria)等种,广布世界热带及亚热带地区。 中国乌木,即通称的柿木,有50种,遍布南北,尤以南方为甚,
乌材Diospyros eriantha Champ. ex Benth.
别名:乌木;小叶乌椿;鸟材;米来;乌材子;米汉;软毛柿;乌材仔;乌眉;乌柿;乌蛇;乌杆仔;小刺果;乌才;米吕英;乌材柿;
科名:柿科 Ebenaceae
属名:柿属 Diospyros
《中国植物志》第60(1)卷133页
40.乌材(台湾省)乌材仔、乌杆仔(台湾省),小叶乌椿、乌蛇、乌木、乌眉(广东海南),米来、米汉(广西)图版31:3-5
Diospyros eriantha Champ. ex Benth. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. 4: 302. 1852; Benth. Fl. Hongkong 210. 1861; Hiern in Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 12: 202. 1873(Monogr. Ebenac.); Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 26: 69. 1889; Matsum. in Tokyo Bot. Mag. 14: 102. 1900; Dunn and Tutch. Fl. Kwangtung and Hongkong 161. 1912; Merr. in Lingnan Sci. Journ. 5: 145. 1927; Bakh. in Gard. Bull. Str. Settlem. 7: 170. 1933; L. Chen in Lingnan Sci. Journ. 14: 677. 1935; Kanehira, Form. Trees rev. ed. 573. t. 531. 1936;陈嵘, 中国树木分类学, 新一版, 983. 1959; Li, Woody Fl. Taiwan 730. 1963;朱志淞等, 海南主要经济树木819-823. 1964; 中国高等植物图鉴3: 304.图4561. 1974; 海南植物志3: 151. 1974.
常绿乔木或灌木,高可达16米,胸高直径可达50厘米;树皮灰色,灰褐色至黑褐色,幼枝、冬芽、叶下面脉上、幼叶叶柄和花序等处有锈色粗伏毛。枝灰褐色,疏生纵裂的近圆形小皮孔,无毛。冬芽卵形,芽鳞约10片,下部的成两列,覆瓦状排列。叶纸质,长圆状披针形,长5-12厘米,宽1.8-4厘米,先端短渐尖,基部楔形或钝,有时近圆形,边缘微背卷,有时有睫毛,上面有光泽,深绿色,除中脉外余处无毛,下面绿色,干时上面灰褐色或灰黑色,下面带红色或浅棕色,中脉在上面微凸起,在下面明显凸起,侧脉每边通常4-6条,在上面略不明显,平坦或微凹,下面明显,斜向上方弯生,将近叶缘即逐渐隐没,小脉很纤细,结成疏网状,两面上均不明显;叶柄粗短,长5-6毫米。花序腋生,聚伞花序式,基部有苞片数片,苞片覆瓦状排列,卵形,总梗极短或几无总梗;雄花1-3朵簇生,几无梗;花萼深4裂,两面有粗伏毛,裂片披针形;花冠白色,高脚碟状,外面密被粗伏毛,里面无毛,4裂,花冠管长约7毫米,裂片覆瓦状排列,卵状长圆形或披针形,长约4毫米,急尖,雄蕊14-16枚,着生在花冠管的基部,每2枚连生成对,腹面1枚较短,花药线形,顶端有小尖头,退化子房小。雌花单生,花梗极短,基部有小苞片数枚;花萼4深裂,裂片卵形,先端急尖,两面有粗伏毛;花冠淡黄色,4裂,外面有粗伏毛,里面无毛;退化雄蕊8枚;子房近卵形,密被粗伏毛,4室,每室有1胚珠;花柱2裂,基部有粗伏毛;柱头浅2裂。果卵形或长圆形,长1.2-1.8厘米,直径约8毫米,先端有小尖头,嫩时绿色,熟时黑紫色,初时有粗伏毛,成熟时除顶端外,余处近无毛,有种子1-4颗;种子黑色,其形状因果内所含种子多少而不同,单生时为椭圆形,长约1.3厘米,直径约6毫米,如含种子4颗时,则每颗呈近三棱形,背面呈拱形;宿存萼增大,4裂,裂片平而略开展,卵形,长约8毫米,宽约6毫米,疏被粗伏毛,近基部被毛较密。花期7-8月,果期10月至翌年1-2月。
产广东、广西、台湾;生于海拔500米以下的山地疏林、密林或灌丛中,或在山谷溪畔林中。越南、老挝、马来西亚、印度尼西亚(苏门答腊、爪哇和加里曼丹)等地有分布。
本种未成熟果实可提取柿漆供涂雨具,渔网等用。木材材质硬重,耐腐,不变形,可作建筑、车辕、农具和家具等用材。
本种的果几无柄,果的宿存萼4裂,和毛柿D. strigosa Hemsl.很近似,但侧脉每边4-6条,叶基部阔楔形,而不是近心形,叶背面仅脉上被毛。
《Flora of China》 Vol. 15 (1996)
Diospyros eriantha Champion ex Bentham
乌材 wu cai
Trees or shrubs, 2.5--15 m tall, evergreen, many parts rusty strigose. Trunk to 30 cm d.b.h. Branches glabrescent. Winter buds ovoid, scales brown strigose with a glabrous margin. Petiole 5--6 mm, densely brown strigose; leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, 5--15 X 1.8--4 cm, papery, glabrous except for brown strigose hairs on midrib and abaxially on larger veins, drying abaxially brown and adaxially often blackish or grayish, base rounded to cuneate, apex acuminate, lateral veins 4--7(or 8) per side, reticulate veinlets mostly transverse and abaxially inconspicuously raised to ± invisible. Male flowers in 1--3-flowered cymes, subsessile, base of calyx concealed by overlapping ovate bracts; calyx lobes 4; corolla white, narrowly urn-shaped, 1--1.2 cm overall, outside densely strigose, inside glabrous; corolla lobes 4, lanceolate, 4--5 X ca. 2.5 mm, apex long-acuminate to caudate; stamens 14--16. Female flowers solitary; pedicel very short; calyx ca. 5 mm; calyx lobes 4, both surfaces strigose; corolla creamy white, salver-shaped; corolla lobes 4, outside strigose, inside glabrous; staminodes 4--8; ovary densely strigose; styles strigose at base. Fruiting calyx 0.8--1.2 cm, sparsely strigose; lobes 4, erect to spreading, lanceolate to ovate, 6--8 X 4.5--7 mm, apex subacute. Berries purple, ovoid, 1.2--1.8 X 0.5--0.8 cm, 4-locular, strigose, slightly glabrescent. Seeds 4. Fl. Jul-Aug, fr. Oct-Feb.
Open to dense forests, slopes or in valleys; 0-500 m. Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan [Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Vietnam].