根据医学观察人体，一年有两个季节，而不是四个季节
According to the human body, there are two seasons a year and not four
A group of researchers from the Stanford School of Medicine, in the United States, has answered this question, after observing what happens to more than 100 molecules that circulate in the bloodstream. In a study published in “Nature Communications” they have concluded that actually the body only distinguishes between two seasons, one warm and one cold, at least when analyzing the bodies of people living in California.美国斯坦福医学院的一组研究人员在观察了血液中循环的100多个分子的情况后，回答了这个问题。在《自然通讯》上发表的一项研究中，他们得出结论，实际上身体只区分两个季节，一个是温暖季节，一个是寒冷季节，至少是在分析生活在加利福尼亚的人的身体时。there are four seasons distributed equally throughout the year but Human biology didn’t seem to adhere to those rules, so we conducted a study to analyze molecular composition and let biology answer the question of how many seasons there are. 全年有四个季节分布均匀但是人类生物学似乎没有遵守这些规则，所以我们进行了一项研究，分析分子组成，让生物学回答有多少季节的问题。
Two seasons: cold and warm两个季节：寒冷和温暖
Snyder’s team collected four years of molecular data from a total of 105 participants, looking at the rise and fall of more than 1,000 molecules experiencing annual patterns. In this way, the researchers found that these oscillations do not fit with the traditional pattern of the four seasons.Instead, they detected two turning points (not four, as would be the case if there were four seasons) in the patterns that molecules follow: one at the end of spring and beginning of summer and other late fall and early winter.斯奈德的团队从总共105名参与者那里收集了四年的分子数据，观察了1000多个经历年度模式的分子的兴衰。通过这种方式，研究人员发现这些振荡不符合传统的四季模式。相反，他们在分子遵循的模式中发现了两个转折点（不是四个，如果有四个季节的话）：一个在春天结束，夏天开始，另一个在晚秋和初冬。
For Your Body, There are Only 2 Seasons 对于你的身体，只有2个季节Spring, summer, fall, winter: four seasons to every year. According to a fascinating new study, our bodies and its unique population of gut and nasal bacteria recognize only 2 distinct seasons, and these bi-seasonal fluctuations affect everything from blood pressure, inflammation, and insulin sensitivity to tumor development.春、夏、秋、冬：每年四季。 根据一项引人入胜的新研究，我们的身体及其独特的肠道和鼻菌群只识别2个不同的季节，这些双季波动影响一切从血压，炎症和胰岛素敏感性肿瘤的发展。Published in the journal Nature Communications, this new evidence of human, bacterial, and fungal seasonality has illuminated ground-breaking information about how our bodies adapt to changes in our environments. By studying the microbiome populations found within the nasal linings and the guts in 100 individuals living in the same region in California for a 4-year period, scientists have made astute observations which define our calendar years and changing seasons into just two significant periods.发表在《自然通讯》杂志上的这一人类、细菌和真菌季节性的新证据揭示了我们的身体如何适应环境变化的突破性信息。 通过研究在加利福尼亚州同一地区生活了4年的100个人的鼻内衬内和肠道中发现的微生物群，科学家进行了精明的观察，这些观测结果定义了我们的日历年份，并将季节变化为两个重要时期。
The scientists tracked over 1,000 physiological variations which correspond to two seasonal patterns, dividing the year into (1) late spring and (2) late fall and early winter. Aside from measuring and identifying bacteria and fungi present in these study participants, they also monitored weather changes and the changes associated with the pollens and corresponding meteorological data. The first seasonal pattern is dubbed “omics seasonal pattern one” and peaks in the last part of April, while pattern two peaks in December.科学家们追踪了1000多种生理变化，这些变化与两种季节模式相对应，将一年分为（1）晚春和（2）晚秋和初冬。 除了测量和识别这些研究参与者中存在的细菌和真菌外，他们还监测了天气变化以及与花粉相关的变化以及相应的气象数据。第一个季节性模式被称为"季节模式一"，在4月的最后一部分达到峰值，而模式在12月达到两个峰值。
Pattern 1: Late Spring 模式1：晚春
The characteristics of pattern one include the highest expression of molecules which are related to cardiovascular disease, as well as schizophrenia, seizures, sleep patterns, and even down to development of collagen. During late spring, blood pressure is higher, often due to factors from the previous winter where physical activity is lower. 模式一的特征包括与心血管疾病相关的分子的最高表达，以及精神分裂症，癫痫发作，睡眠模式，甚至胶原蛋白的发展。 在晚春，血压较高，通常是由于前一个冬天身体活动较低的因素。
Joint inflammation, especially knee inflammation, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis are elevated in this seasonal pattern due to a higher expression of inflammation pathways. Not surprisingly, allergy gene expression also peaks in late spring and early summer.关节炎症，特别是膝盖炎症、骨关节炎和类风湿性关节炎，由于炎症通路的表达较高，在这种季节性模式下会升高。毫不奇怪，过敏基因表达也在春末夏初达到顶峰。
The researchers also identified that a gene responsible for circadian rhythms peaks during the late spring—but what’s interesting is that this particular gene, when deregulated, is one of the key players in cancer development in mammals. When they looked further into this seasonal expression, they discovered that there is a seasonal variation in tumor stages, along with more cancer diagnoses occurring in the spring. The highest concentration of localized tumors are also discovered most in the springtime.研究人员还发现，一种负责昼夜节律的基因在晚春达到顶峰，但有趣的是，这种特殊的基因，当放松管制时，是哺乳动物癌症发展的关键角色之一。 当他们进一步研究这种季节性表达时，他们发现肿瘤阶段有季节性变化，春季会出现更多的癌症诊断。 局部肿瘤的最高浓度也是在春季发现的。
The microbes that live in the nasal passages change composition depending on the bi-seasonal patterns as well: during the late spring, the diversity of the nasal microbes are at their highest. The researchers found that these changes in nasal microbiota correlated to changes in airborne pollen and fungi counts, suggesting that the changes in the airborne environment directly affect the population of bacteria found in our respirator systems.生活在鼻腔中的微生物也根据双季节模式改变成分：在晚春时节，鼻微生物的多样性达到最高水平。 研究人员发现，鼻微生物群的这些变化与空气花粉和真菌数量的变化有关，这表明空气环境的变化直接影响到呼吸器系统中细菌的数量。
The blood marker, A1c, which is a measure of blood glucose levels over the past 100 days, is also at its highest during seasonal pattern 1, which has been noted in previous studies. Blood glucose tends to be higher in the winter in diabetic patients. Since the A1c test is a snapshot of the past 100 days, it makes sense that it would be higher in the spring, as it represents a picture of the blood sugar over the winter time period when physical activity is reduced and holiday foods may be consumed.血液标记，A1c，这是过去100天血糖水平的测量，也是在季节性模式1中最高的，这在以前的研究中已经注意到。 糖尿病患者冬季血糖往往较高。 由于A1c测试是过去100天的快照，因此在春季会更高，这是有道理的，因为它代表了冬季期间血糖的图片，那时体力活动减少，节日食品可能被食用。
The researchers also studied individuals diagnosed with insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance, and they found distinct variations in bacterial diversity. These bacteria also exhibited seasonal preferences. The differences in the microbiota diversity were apparent throughout the whole year, except during seasonal pattern one, when the gap between the microbial population became narrower.研究人员还研究了被诊断为胰岛素敏感性和胰岛素抵抗力的个人，他们发现了细菌多样性的明显变化。 这些细菌也表现出季节性偏好。 微生物群多样性的差异全年都很明显，但季节性模式一除外，当时微生物种群之间的差距越来越小。Diversity in gut microbiome population is significantly higher during this pattern, while nasal bacteria is less diverse at this time.在这种模式下，肠道微生物群的多样性显著增加，而此时鼻菌的多样性则较低。
Pattern 2: Late Fall/Early Winter模式2：晚秋/初冬
In omics pattern two, the gut microbiome reaches its highest level of diversification. Immune responses and interleukin pathways are highest, coinciding for the time of year when viral illnesses are most common. Other families of genes responsible for helping fight infections also exhibit their highest expression during this time.在 omics 模式二中，肠道微生物群达到其最高水平的多样化。 免疫反应和间皮通路最高，恰逢一年中病毒性疾病最常见的时候。 负责帮助对抗感染的其他基因家族也在此期间表现出最高的表达方式。
Inflammation in the myocardium of the heart, and esterification of cholesterol (a process necessary to help “good” HDL cholesterol particles remove free cholesterol from the body and transport it to the liver for processing and elimination) are also highest in late fall/early winter.在深秋/初冬，心脏心肌的炎症和胆固醇的酯化（帮助"好"高密度脂蛋白胆固醇颗粒去除体内的自由胆固醇并将其输送到肝脏进行处理和消除的过程）也最高。
Acne is found to worsen in winter, which researchers believe is due to a combination of decreased humidity and the increased permeability of skin because of cold air temperature. Other factors include a thickening of the epidermis and the stimulation of inflammatory mediators produced in the skin during this time.痤疮在冬季会恶化，研究人员认为，这是由于湿度下降和皮肤渗透性增加，由于冷空气温度的组合。 其他因素包括表皮增厚和在此期间在皮肤中产生的炎症介质的刺激。
The researchers also noted that the volume of urine produced is also highest during omics pattern two.研究人员还指出，在第二次奥米斯模式期间，产生的尿液量也最高。
This study used some of the best resources we have for understanding the complex and dynamic changes our bodies go through: its bacterial population. The importance of the microbiome in the gut has received a lot of attention lately, but studying the nasal microbiome gives us a much more precise glimpse into what’s occurring in our immediate and shared environments. Gut microbiome composition is extremely individualized and influenced by foods and genetic predispositions, so it’s not useful for finding correlations with all people.这项研究使用了一些最好的资源来理解我们的身体经历的复杂和动态的变化：它的细菌种群。 微生物群在肠道中的重要性最近受到很多关注，但研究鼻微生物群让我们更准确地了解了在我们眼前和共享的环境中发生的事情。 古特微生物群的组成是非常个性化的，受食物和遗传倾向的影响，所以它对寻找与所有人的相关性没有用处。
The study of how the microbes inside our respiratory system are affected by changes in the air in a localized region offers a unique examination of how we are reacting to the air around us. This study was done on a localized and small population in California, but it does open up some interesting avenues for tracing the health of residents through the changes in their ambient environment.研究我们呼吸系统内的微生物如何受到局部区域空气变化的影响，提供了对我们周围空气反应的独特检验。 这项研究是针对加州的本地化和人口较少进行的，但它确实为通过环境环境的变化来追踪居民的健康开辟了一些有趣的途径。
Armed with a vast trove of information — over 1,000 measurements from more than 100 people assessing genes, proteins, metabolic markers, immune system markers, and the microbiome — he discovered that instead of four distinct seasons, the body seems to undergo two shifts: one at the beginning of winter and the other in the middle of spring.他掌握着大量的信息——来自100多人的1000多项测量，评估基因、蛋白质、代谢标记、免疫系统标记和微生物群——他发现，身体似乎经历了两个不同的季节，而不是四个不同的季节：一个在冬天开始，另一个在春天中间。