为何我们看到的不一样
If a picture is worth a thousand words, scientists now find that not everybody looks at the same words first.
如果说一张图片胜过千言万语，科学家们现在发现，并不是每个人先看到都是相同的单词。
When shown a series of pictures some people might focus more on, say, faces, while others might fixate on food.
看到一系列的照片时，有些人可能会更专注于脸部，而另一些人可能会专注于食物。
The new findings emphasize how the world might look different from one person to the next.
新的研究结果强调了不同的人对世界的看法是不同的。
Much remains a mystery about how we look at the world.
我们到底是如何看待这个世界的，这仍然是个谜。
People constantly move their eyes to fix their gazes on items of interest, making about two to four eye movements every second for some 150,000 motions daily, but it remains uncertain how we choose what to focus on.
人们不断地移动眼睛，将目光锁定在感兴趣的事物上，每天大约有15万个动作，每秒大约有两到四次眼睛运动，但我们如何选择关注的焦点仍然不清楚。
Scientists attempting to predict which parts of a scene will attract the eye have often tried modeling a "typical observer" based on aggregated data from many people.
科学家们试图预测一个场景的哪些部分会吸引眼球，他们经常尝试基于许多人的大数据来建立一个“典型的观察者”模型。
A common assumption was that any differences between the gazes of people could "safely be ignored," said study lead author Benjamin de Haas, a neuroscientist at Justus-Liebig University Giessen in Germany.
德国吉森李比希大学神经学家、该研究的主要作者本杰明·德·哈斯表示，人们普遍认为，人们眼神的任何差异都可以“大胆地忽略”。
To investigate how much gaze might vary between people, the researchers had more than 100 adult volunteers seated at computers look at 700 pictures depicting everyday scenes with a variety of items.
为了研究人与人之间眼神的差异，研究人员让100多名成年志愿者坐在电脑前，看了700幅描绘各种物品日常场景的图片。
At the same time, cameras, pointed at the eyes of those participants, helped track their gazes to deduce what they were looking at in each picture.
与此同时，摄像机对准这些参与者的眼睛，帮助跟踪他们的目光，从而推断出他们在每张照片中看到了什么。
"There's no way for me to climb in your head and know what pistachio ice cream tastes to you, but eye movements at least draw some boundary conditions on how your experience of the world may differ from mine," de Haas said.
德哈斯说:“我没法进入你的脑袋里，知道开心果冰淇淋对你来说有什么味道，但眼球运动至少为你和我对世界的不同体验划定了一些界限。”
The scientists found that certain types of details, such as faces, text, food, moving objects or touched items, attracted the gazes of some observers more than others.
科学家们发现，某些特定类型的细节，如面孔、文字、食物、移动的物体或触摸过的物品，更能吸引一些观察者的目光。
For example, the fraction of a person's eye movements directed toward faces varied from 17% to 43% among the volunteers. In other words, "the individual tendency to look at faces or text can vary more than twofold from one person to the next," de Haas said.
例如，在志愿者中，一个人眼睛朝向人脸的运动比例从17%到43%不等。换句话说，“一个人看脸或看文字的倾向在不同的人身上可能会有两倍以上的差异，”德哈斯说。
Such trends also proved to be highly consistent -- even when volunteers were called back for follow-up sessions two weeks afterward.
这些趋势也被证明——即使志愿者在两周后被召回进行后续会议，结果也是高度一致的。
"Knowing the individual tendencies for one set of images could explain almost three-quarters of the looking tendencies for another," de Haas said.
德哈斯说:“知道人们对一组照片的偏好可以解释他们对另一组照片的偏好的近四分之三。”
"This implies the way we look at images is personal. What you see can be different from what I'm seeing, even if we look at exactly the same images."
“这意味着我们看待图像的方式是个性化的。即使我们看到的是完全相同的图像，你看到的可能和我看到的不一样。”
Often times, "the human is treated as a passive device whose attention can be captured by the image," said vision scientist Mary Hayhoe at the University of Texas at Austin, who did not take part in this research.
德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校的视觉科学家玛丽·海霍说，很多时候，“人类被视为一种被动装置，其注意力可以被图像捕捉到。”海霍没有参与这项研究。
This work emphasizes that "in reality, humans are active seekers of information."
而这次研究则强调了“在现实中，人类是积极寻求信息的。”
The researchers suggested these differences in gaze might have some genetic foundations.
研究人员认为，眼神的这些差异可能有一些遗传基础。
For example, they noted that two recent studies from the United States and Sweden found that identical twins had far more similar patterns of eye movements than fraternal twins did.
例如，他们注意到最近来自美国和瑞典的两项研究发现，同卵双胞胎的眼球运动模式远比异卵双胞胎相似。
Previous research has found other biological differences in gaze behavior.
此前的研究还发现了凝视行为的其他生物学差异。
"Marmosets apparently love looking at faces on computer screens, but macaques won't, because they consider looking at the face a hostile gesture," Hayhoe said.
海霍说:“狨猴显然喜欢看电脑屏幕上的人脸，但猕猴却不喜欢，因为它们认为看着人脸是一种敌对的姿势。”
Still, prior work has also shown "that culture can shape our gaze behavior as well," de Haas said.
尽管如此，德哈斯说，之前的研究也表明，“文化也能塑造我们的凝视行为。”
For example, a previous study found that Westerners tend to look at specific features on a person's face such as the eyes and mouth, whereas East Asians often focus on the nose or the center of the face, which allows a more general view of all the features, a difference that the researchers suggested may reflect a Western focus on the individual and an Eastern leaning toward the group.
例如,一项研究发现,西方人倾向于看一个人的脸上具体特征如眼睛和嘴,而东亚人通常专注于鼻子或中心的脸,这样就能更全面地注意到所有的特征,这一差异研究员们认为可能反映了西方更注重个人而东方更注重群体的文化。
"I do feel these differences likely reflect learned behaviors," Hayhoe said.
“我确实觉得这些差异可能反映了习得性的行为，”海霍说。
"More data is needed to say anything about the biological roots of these differences."
“我们需要更多的数据来说明这些差异的生物学根源。”
The scientists now plan to explore what impact these differences may or may not have in the real world.
科学家们现在计划探索这些差异在现实世界中可能会或者不会产生什么影响。
"Let's say your eyes have a particular tendency to be attracted by text," de Haas said.
德哈斯说:“比方说，你的眼睛特别容易被文字所吸引。”
"Does that mean you're more easily distracted when driving past a billboard?"
“这是否意味着你在开车经过广告牌时更容易分心?”
These findings suggest that eye-tracking might help reveal new ways to diagnose disorders such as autism, in which people tend to gaze at faces and social cues differently, the researchers said.
研究人员说，这些发现表明，眼球追踪可能有助于揭示诊断自闭症等疾病的新方法，在自闭症中，人们往往会以不同的方式注视面孔和社交线索。
"The earlier one can pick up on the fact that children are autistic, the earlier one can start them on therapy and training programs, which can prove terrifically important," Hayhoe said.
海霍说:“人们越早意识到孩子患有自闭症，就越早可以开始接受治疗和培训，这一点非常重要。”
The scientists detailed their findings online May 28 in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
科学家们于5月28日在《美国国家科学院院刊》网站上详细介绍了他们的发现。
问题
文中提到对人们眼神注意什么有影响的因素有哪些？
A.文化
B.遗传
C.物种
D.性别
留言回复正确选项，前十名朋友可以获得红包奖励哦，赶快来试试吧！
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