THE ORIGIN OF THE CHINESE CHARACTERS AND THE HISTORY OF CHINA（2）

这是社会科学网（SSRN）已经Approved的Paper第二部分。链接  https://ssrn.com/abstract=2851675 可以在PC上注册或匿名方式打开PDF文档。

3. Comparisons of history and more king lists

There was a great Famine in Egypt in the late Old Kingdom during a seven-year in which no grain grew in Egypt, or indeed anywhere in the ancient Near East. It was also a pivotal event in the history of the Israelites and the subject of continuing controversy insecular archaeology and Egyptology. The reliefs during the reign of Unas shows the starving people. Unas was the last ruler of the Fifth Dynasty during the Old Kingdom period. The Ancient Egyptian Old Kingdom was brought down by the Famine. Now evidence collected from mud deposited by the Nile River suggests there was a change in the climate thousands of kilometers to the south. In the Chinese ancient books, there were some similar records of drought, for example, “The Yiluo River ran dry and the Xia Dynasty fell.” “Chu lost HuaXia.” The YiLuo(伊洛)River could be a homophone of the Nile River. The drought could have caused people to migrate from the Middle East to other parts of Eurasia during the Bronze Age. I guess the rising QiJia culture in the Northwest of China may be relevant to the migration of Ancient Egyptians during the late Old Kingdom.

The First Intermediate Period (2181–2060 BC) is a period of disarray and chaos between the end of the Old Kingdom and the advent of the Middle Kingdom. Mentuhotep II was a pharaohof the 11th dynasty who reunited Egypt thus ending the First Intermediary Period. Consequently, he is considered the first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom. According to the relevant Chinese records and a comparison of the names,Mentuhotep II should correspond to ZhenGuan who was a descendant of the Yu(Narmer)’s family. This indicates that the Egyptian royal lineage returned to the descendants of Yu about 1,000 years after the first dynasty. The capital of the Middle Kingdom was Thebes. The hieroglyph for Thebes is similar to the Chinese character Pu(濮) which is also called Di Qiu(帝丘)，the main capital of the Xia Dynasty. The Mortuary temple of Mentuhotep II located in the Deir el-Bahri inthe west side of Thebes can be identified with the ZhenGuan’s tomb according to the book《BambooAnnals》(ZhuShu Ji Nian).

Due to the same drought season, the Canaanite or Semitic populations living in the Levant began to migrate into the Nile Delta. They established an independent realm and the subsequent 14th dynasty in the eastern Nile Delta. In about 1650 BC,the 13th dynasty was invaded by the Hyksos, who formed the 15th Dynasty, based in Avaris. The hieroglyph of Avaris is the prototype of the Chinese character Chu(鉏) which was the capital of Eastern Barbarians according to the Chinese records. The arrival of the Hyksos led to the end of the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt and initiated the Second Intermediate Period. The Hyksos 15th Dynasty lasted for 100 or 108 years, this is consistent with the Chinese records that Tai Kang lost the Xia Empire for a hundred years. Tai Kang(泰康)’s name is same as the Horus name of Khendjer who was a pharaoh of the 13thdynasty. The hieroglyph of the scarab beetle is the prototype of the Chinese character Kang(康) which is connected with the Khepri god. The hieroglyph of the Djed symbol is the prototype of Tai( 泰) that represents stability. Tai（康）and Tai(太) are interchangeable Chinese characters. The Isis goddess’s knot is the prototype of the Chinese character Tai(太). The two kings of Hyksos, Khyan and Apepi, are respectively the prototypes of Yi(羿)and HanZhuo(寒浞) who were  two kings of the Eastern Barbarians (Dong Yi) tribe. Apepi ruled the whole Egypt for 35-40 years, this is consistent with the Chinese records that HuaXia was interrupted for 40 yearsduring the HanZhuo reign.

China lost an ancient piece of literature named the “Wu Guan”. Wu or WuGuan was a son of Qi(Hor-Aha). Wu is the name of the Djer King of the first dynasty and also has the meaning of the number “five”. China has anotherancient piece literature named the “Songof the five sons” that narrates the story of how Tai Kang lost the country。It is very likely that Chinese historians wrongly took Qi’s son Wu as meaning Qi had five sons in the absence of historical texts. Thus, they made up Tai Kang as the Qi’s eldest son. Meanwhile, they grouped Tai Kang(泰康),Yuan Kang（元康）,BoKang(伯康),ZhongKang（仲康）and Wu Guan（五观）together as the five sons of Qi. Actually, Yuan Kang corresponds to the throne name of Senusret I who was the second pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt. Bo Kang corresponds to the throne name of Senusret II who was the fourth pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty，ZhongKang might correspond to the name of Merkheperre who was a pharaoh of the late 13th Dynasty. This error could also have been generated deliberately by Zhou dynasty historians who deleted some history texts because the Zhou’s vassal states struggled for supremacy among the several other vassal states of Chu(楚),Qi（齐）,Qin（秦）that created different royal family lineages during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods. Analyzing both sides of the Ancient Egyptian and Chinese archaeological records, we can get a new historical view of the Xia Dynasty and Ancient Egypt after the correction of errors as shown in Figure 5 below.

（Figure5：Corrective history view of Xia Dynasty and Ancient Egypt）

The last king of the Theban seventeenth dynasty was Kamose. His throne name is the prototype of ShaoKang(少康)。Kamose led Egyptians to expel the Hyksos and unified the country. This period of historyis consistent with Chinese records that Shao Kang restored the country. ShaoKang was a posthumous child, his father was Xiang(相) who was killed by the Eastern Barbarians. Xiang could correspond to Dedumose I who was a king of the 16th dynasty. Shao Kang（Kamose）’s mother was HouMin(后缗) who could correspond to Tetisheri who had the title of the mother of the NewKingdom. The hieroglyph of Tetisheri’s name is the prototype of Min(缗). The king list of the 18th dynasty is highly consistent with the king list of the late Xia Dynasty as recorded in the Shi Ji. Ahmose I established the Eighteenth dynasty, his birth name is the prototype of the Chinese character Ning(寕). The birth name of Thutmose I is the prototype of Zhu(杼). He was known as a famous king of Xia Dynasty who was able to inherit the empire from Yu. Zhu conquered the Eastern Barbarians. Zhu’s stories are consistent with Thutmose I’s stories. The throne name of Hatshepsut is Fin(芬), the birth name of Thutmose III is Huai(槐)，the birth name of Amenhotep II is Mang(芒)，the throne name of Thutmose IV is Xie(泄)，the throne name of Amenhotep III is Jiang(降). Jiang abdicated the throne in favor of his brother Jiong(扃) instead of his son Kong Jia(孔甲). Jiong’s son Jin(廑) succeeded to the throne. The next king is Kong Jia who can correspond to Akhenaten. These conclusions may differ from those of most Egyptologists. I consider Smenkhkare to be Jin(廑) and Neferneferuaten to be Jiong(扃) while most Egyptologist suppose Neferneferuaten was Tutankhamun’s stepmother Nefertiti。

（Figure6: Comparison of the king list of the 18th dynasty）

Akhenaten is especially noted for abandoning traditional Egyptian polytheism and introducing worship centered on the Aten, which is sometimes described as a form of monotheism. The Chinese records refer to a corresponding event as “Kong Jia Luan Xia” which means that Kong Jia spread chaos throughout the Xia Dynasty. Due to this event, BuKu(不窋)，anancestor of the Zhou dynasty, lost his hereditary official position and led his family out of the the Xia Empire. After a period of the nomadic life among some barbarian trible, the Zhou people resettled down to restart the farming life.

Kong Jia’s son is Gao(皋)，his prototype is Tutankhamun. The throne name of Ay is Fa(發). Horemheb was the last pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty, his throne name is Jie(桀) who was the last king of the Xia Dynasty according to the Chinese records. Horemheb’s birth name is Lv Gui(履癸)。Both Horemheb’s names are consistent with two names of Jie. As shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7.

（Figure7: Comparison of two cartouche names of Horemheb）

After Horemheb, the 19thand 20th dynasties continued the Ancient Egyptian regime. However,Chinese ancient texts didn’t record anything about the Xia Dynasty after Jie. Instead, a story of Shang Tang overthrowing the Xia Dynasty was written, seamlessly connecting the native Shang dynasty with the equvialent of the Xia Dynasty in Egypt. Shang Tang’s story may therefore not be historical. However, the history of Hyksos invading Egypt may be the come source materials for this story. Figure 8 shows a comprehensive history view with the comparisons between Xia Dynasty and Ancient Egypt.

（Figure8：Comprehensive history view of Xia Dynasty and Ancient Egypt）

4. Comparisons of capitals

According to Chinese records, the capital of the Xia Dynasty from Shao Kang to Jiong was Di Qiu which corresponds to Thebes. Then Jin(Smenkhkare), rather than Kong Jia moved the capital to XiHe(西河). XiHe can correspond to Akhetaten. The Egyptologists believe it is Akhenaten(Kong Jia) who moved the capital to Akhetaten. Table 8 shows a comparison of the capital changes in the records of China and Ancient Egypt.

(Table8: Comparison of capitals between Xia Dynasty and Ancient Egypt)

According to the Chinese records, Gun(鲧) lived entirely in Chong（崇）city which corresponds toNekhen, a city of Upper Egypt during the early dynasties. Yu(禹) lived entirely in Gao Mi（高密） and Yang Di(阳翟)。There were three major states: Thinis, Naqada, and Nekhen in Upper Egypt during the Dynasty 0. The hieroglyph of Thinis is the prototype of Di(翟) and their pronunciation is also the same. The hieroglyph of Abydos is theprototype of Yang(阳)。TaiKang(Khendjer) lived entirely in Yang Xia. Figure 9 shows a comparison between the names of capitals in the Egyptian and the Chinese records. They are highly consistent with the systematic comparison of pictograms. These capitals are also consistent with their corresponding kings.

(Figure9：Comparisonof capitals between Ancient Egypt and Xia Dynasty)

Finally, based on the statistical principle of the scientific induction, we can conclude that the Xia Dynasty was indeed Ancient Egypt prior to the 19th dynasty. I believe we can push the study of Egyptology to a new stage if these findings can be further verified.

References:

1.        List of pharaohs - Wikipedia,the free encyclopedia,  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs

2.        The Ancient Egypt Site, http://www.ancient-egypt.org/

3.        The Absolute Egyptology, http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/0egyptintro/

4.        Late Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt by Francesco Raffaele,  http://xoomer.virgilio.it/francescoraf/index.htm

5.        Digital Egypt for Universities,  http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt//Welcome.html

6.        Ancient Egypt Online, http://ancientegyptonline.co.uk/

7.        Theban Mapping Project , http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/

8.        Petrie Museum, http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums/petrie

9.        Travelers in the Middle EastArchive (TIMEA) Home, http://timea.rice.edu/index.html

10.    Early Egyptian Queen Revealed in 5,000-Year-Old Hieroglyphs,  http://www.livescience.com/53406-early-egyptian-queen-revealed-in-hieroglyphs.html

11.    Category:Gardiner's list -Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gardiner%27s_list

12.    Chinese Etymology, http://www.Chineseetymology.org/

13.    Han Dian, http://www.zdic.net/

14.    China Museum | Gg-art.com, http://www.gg-art.com/index_e.php

15.    Luo Lingjie（罗灵杰）,Karma over Three Thousand Tears, 2012.

16.    Seshat-Thoth_Cang Jie Niao Ji’sblog, http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_eb5d35630101hrvs.html

17.    The Dragon character, Luo’sblog , http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_7c1d31150100uuif.html

18.    The author’s blog, http://blog.sina.com.cn/bcrj1

Acknowledgements:

1)       A lot of archaeological information comes from the FRANCESCO RAFFAELE personal website, LATE PREDYNASTIC AND EARLY DYNASTIC EGYPT, （http://xoomer.virgilio.it/francescoraf/index.htm）。

2)       Manyancient Chinese characters materials come from the “Uncle Hanzi” Richard Sears’s personal website , http://www.chineseetymology.org/.

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