英语过去完成时的用法大全

二、过去完成时

(一)定义

表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”。如:

  • He was proud of what he had done. (他因自己所作的事感到自豪。)

上句中的was proud已经是过去的动作,而他所做的事情又发生在感到自豪之前,所以是“过去的过去”,要用过去完成时,即had done。

(二)基本结构

过去完成时的句子结构一般为:

主语+had+过去分词(done)+其他成分

如:

  • After I had read it I was filled with horror. (我读完它之後,心里充满了恐怖。)

  • By the age of 10 he had learned to play the piano for five years. (他在10岁的时候,已经学了五年的钢琴。)

(三)主要用法

1、表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作。如:

  • When the horse had finished the race, its sides were wet with foam. (这匹马结束比赛时,脊背被汗水湿透了。)

  • I found your coat after you had left the house. (你离开房子之后,我发现了你的外衣。)

2、表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。如:

  • Up to the sixties he had lived the life of a young man. (一直到60多岁,他还过着青年人的生活。)

  • When he had stayed here for two or three days he began to feel at home. (他在这儿住了两三天,才觉得没有什么拘束。)

(四)标志性词语

过去完成时常见的标志性时间状语主要有:

1、by the end of+过去时间

  • By the end of last year, we had solved more than 100 problems. (到去年年底,我们已经解决了100多个问题。)

2、by the time+从句(动作发生在过去)

  • By the time she left the city, she had used up all her savings. (到她离开这个城市的时候,她的存款已全部用完。)

3、by (the time of)+过去时间

  • He had taught maths for four years by last July. (到上个七月为止,他已经教了四年数学了。)

4、before+过去时间

  • He had never ridden a horse before last month. (到上个月以前他从来没有骑过马。)

(五)“过去的过去”的常见情况

1、宾语从句中

当宾语从句的主句采用一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。这种情况多见于间接引语的用法里,其主句的谓语动词常见的有told、said、knew、heard、thought、asked等。如:

  • The accused man said he had been framed. (被告说他受人陷害了。)

  • He told me that he had met her the night before. (他告诉我他曾在那前一天晚上见过她。)

  • He asked her what she really had meant. (他问她究竟是什么意思。)

2、状语从句中

在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作如果先后发生,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。如:

  • The land came in sight after we had sailed for ten days. (我们在海上航行了十天,终于看见了陆地。)

  • If she had said that, she told a real whopper. (要是她那么说的,她就是说了个大瞎话。)

  • I remained up because my uncle had come to see me. (因为我叔叔来看我,所以我一直没有睡。)

  • Everything fell out as we had anticipated. (一切结果正如我们所预料的那样。)

3、特殊动词后

英语中有hope、wish、expect、think、intend、mean、suppose等表意向、想法、愿望、建议等的动词,采用过去完成时,可以表示"原本…",其后经常会接由but引导的句子,而该句的谓语动词一般采用一般过去时。如:

  • He had hoped to set a new world record, but was frustrated by bad weather. (他本希望能创造新的世界纪录,但因天气恶劣而未果。)

  • He had thought that he was qualified as a judge. (他曾一度认为他有资格作一位法官。)

  • I had intended to make a cake, but I ran out of time. (我原想做个蛋糕,但没有时间。)

  • We had supposed that we would be able to see more of Shanghai, but time didn't permit. (我们本打算能多看看上海,但时间却不允许了。)

(六)句型转换

因为“had done”中的was/were是助动词,所以在进行句型转换中要注意不需要再另外借助助动词do/did/does,而是直接借用had。如:

  • 肯定句:He had worked here for a good many years. (他在这里工作了很多年了。)

  • 否定句:He hadn't worked here for a good many years.

  • 一般疑问句:Had he worked here for a good many years?

  • 特殊疑问句:How long had he worked here? (划线部分为a good many years)

(七)特殊句型

1、虚拟条件句

当if引导的虚拟条件句是针对过去时间发生的事情时,if从句的谓语动词就会采用过去完成时。如:

  • If I had asked for directions, I would not have got lost. (如果我问一下方向,我就不会迷路了。)

2、时间状语从句

在表“一...就...”的时间状语从句中,有两个特殊的句型较为常用,即hardly...when...和no sooner...than...。句中先发生的动作要采用过去完成时,后发生的动作要采用一般过去时。如:

  • He had hardly seen me when he ran off. (他一看到我就跑掉了。)

  • I had no sooner left than she called. (我刚走她就打来了电话。)

【注意】

当hardly或no sooner提到句首时,会引起倒装。上面的两句话就会变为:

  • Hardly had he seen me when he ran off.

  • No sooner had I left than she called.

(八)小试牛刀

根据前后文,用所给词语的适当形式填空。

(0)

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