Nginx安全加固配置手册

第1章   概述

1.1   目标

Nginx(发音同engine x)是一款轻量级的Web服务器/反向代理服务器及电子邮件(IMAP/POP3)代理服务器,由俄罗斯的程序设计师Igor Sysoev所开发,可以稳定地运行在Linux、Windows等操作系统上,其特点是占用内存少,并发能力强。

同其他软件一样,Nginx也出现过一些安全漏洞,利用这些漏洞可以对Web服务器进行渗透攻击。本文主要描述互联网架构中常用产品Nginx 的配置和安全加固工作,最终用以指导系统实施。

1.2   预期读者

本文档用于指导系统工程师进行系统实施工作,架构师和系统工程师应该通读本文档,选择适当方式用于自己的系统。

第2章    产品介绍

Nginx是一个轻量级,高性能的Web服务器/反向代理和电子邮件代理(IMAP/POP3),它可以运行在UNIX,GNU/Linux,BSD变种,MACOS X,Solaris和Microsoft Windows上。根据Netcraft的调查数据显示,互联网上11%的域名都使用了Nginx Web服务器。Nginx是解决C10K问题的服务器之一,与传统服务器不一样,Nginx不依赖于线程处理请求,相反,它使用了一个更具扩展性的事件驱动(异步)架构。Nginx在很多高流量网站上得到了应用,如WordPress,Hulu,Github和SourceForge。

第3章   Nginx的安全加固配置

3.1  Nginx版本统一

查看当前系统中部署的Nginx版本。

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[root@localhostnginx]# nginx -v

nginxversion: nginx/1.2.5

3.2   禁用autoindex

确保nginx.conf配置文件上禁用autoindex模块,即没有autoindex的配置。

加固检查:

确保nginx.conf配置文件上禁用autoindex,即autoindex off或者没有配置autoindex。

3.3   关闭服务器标记

如果开启的话(默认情况下)所有的错误页面都会显示服务器的版本和信息。nginx.conf配置如下:

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http{

    include       naxsi_core.rules;

    include      mime.types;

    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    sendfile        on;

    server_tokens off;

    ... ...

加固检查:

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[root@localhost~]# curl -I http://localhost/wavsep

HTTP/1.1301 Moved Permanently

Server:nginx

Date:Tue, 31 Dec 2013 23:20:29 GMT

Content-Type:text/html

Content-Length:178

Location:http://localhost/wavsep/

Connection:keep-alive

Keep-Alive:timeout=30

其中,http://localhost/wavsep表示一个应用URL

3.4   自定义缓存

设置自定义缓存以限制缓冲区溢出攻击。nginx.conf配置如下:

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http{

    ... ...

    server{

        ... ...

        client_body_buffer_size  16K;

       client_header_buffer_size  1k;

        client_max_body_size  1m;

       large_client_header_buffers  4  8k;

        ... ...

注:上述的参数不是最优参数,仅供参考。

加固检查:

确保server模块中配置了上述标红的配置。

3.5   设置timeout

设置timeout设低来防御DOS攻击,nginx.conf配置如下:

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http {

    ... ...

       client_body_timeout   10;

       client_header_timeout  30;

       keepalive_timeout     30  30;

       send_timeout          10;

加固检查:

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[root@localhost~]# curl -I http://localhost/wavsep

HTTP/1.1301 Moved Permanently

Server:nginx

Date:Tue, 31 Dec 2013 23:20:29 GMT

Content-Type:text/html

Content-Length:178

Location:http://localhost/wavsep/

Connection:keep-alive

Keep-Alive:timeout=30

其中,http://localhost/wavsep表示一个应用URL

3.6   配置日志

鉴于日志的输出格式还未确定,目前暂时先使用Nginx默认的日志格式。nginx.conf配置如下:

http {

......

log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local]"$request" ''$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer"''"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

access_log logs/ access.log  main;

... ...

加固检查:

查看Nginx的日志文件是否存在,并且访问应用时,有日志输出。

[root@srv-dfh526~]# tail -3f /usr/local/nginx/logs/dfh.smartcity.com.log

Client_IP:10.5.220.27  Client_IP_For:- - - [10/Jan/2014:10:42:20+0800] "method:GET /portal/images/service_6.jpg HTTP/1.1"Protocol:"http" Status:304 Size:0"http://dfh.smartcity.com/portal/ext/index/index.jsp"  Args:- Browser:"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1;Trident/5.0; BOIE9;ZHCN)"

Client_IP:10.1.108.133  Client_IP_For:- - - [10/Jan/2014:10:42:23+0800] "method:GET/search/search?collId=1,2,3,4,5,6&query=%B3%C7%CA%D0%B9%E3%B2%A5HTTP/1.1" Protocol:"http" Status:200 Size:4145"http://dfh.smartcity.com/search/search?collId=1,2,3,4,5,6&query=%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD&appID=1&ucode=utf-8"  Args:- Browser:"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML,like Gecko) Chrome/30.0.1599.101 Safari/537.36"

Client_IP:10.5.220.27  Client_IP_For:- - - [10/Jan/2014:10:42:24+0800] "method:GET /portal/images/change/service1_1.png HTTP/1.1"Protocol:"http" Status:304 Size:0"http://dfh.smartcity.com/portal/ext/index/index.jsp"  Args:- Browser:"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1;Trident/5.0; BOIE9;ZHCN)"

注:日志输出格式需要看配置的情况。

3.7   限制访问的方法

在目前的应用系统中值使用到POST和GET方法,所以除了它们之外,其他方式的请求均可拒绝。Nginx.conf配置如下:

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server{

       ... ...

       if($request_method !~ ^(GET|HEAD|POST)$) {        

                     return404;

              }

       ... ...

注:因为目前统一错误应用没有定版,所以先使用404,实际中应该使用444.

加固检查:

使用火狐浏览器的poster插件:

尝试使用不同的请求方式试试,能不能访问。

3.8   Nginx日志切割

Nginx日志主要用于日后的审计和分析,对系统的安全有着重要的意义。但是随着时间的推移,日志文件会变得越来越大,这就需要对日志进行处理分割了。

第一步:建立脚本文件:

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[root@localhosthome]# vim nginx_log.sh

#/bin/bash

#日志将要存放的路径

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savepath_log='/logs/nginx/logs'

#nginx的日志路径

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nglogs='/usr/logs'

mkdir-p $savepath_log/$(date +%Y)/$(date +%m)

mv$nglogs/centoshost.com.log $savepath_log/$(date +%Y)/$(date+%m)/centoshost$(date +%Y%m%d%H%M).log

mv$nglogs/wavsep.com.log $savepath_log/$(date +%Y)/$(date +%m)/wavsep$(date+%Y%m%d%H%M).log

kill-USR1 $(cat /var/run/nginx/nginx.pid)

其中,savepath_log和nglogs分别表示日志分割后的存放目录和Nginx的日志目录,均需要根据实际情况修改;centoshost.com.log和wavsep.com.log为Nginx现在的文件文件名称,也需要根据实际情况修改;centoshost和wavsep表示切割后保存的日志文件名称,需要根据实际情况修改。

第二步:为nginx_log.sh分配可以执行权限

[root@localhost home]# chmod 755 nginx_log.sh

第三步:设定定时器

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[root@localhostinit.d]# crontab -e

0000 * * * /home/nginx_log.sh #执行文件存放路径,每天凌晨00:00执行

注:保存方式与vim一致,输入:wq。

第四部:重启定时器

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[root@localhostinit.d]# cd /etc/init.d

[root@localhostinit.d]# ./crond restart

停止 crond:                                    [确定]

正在启动 crond:                                [确定]

过程图:

第一:Nginx日志切割前

第二:保存日志的目录(切割前)

第三:Nginx日志切割后

第四:保存日志的目录(切割后)

3.9   限制访问IP

模块 ngx_http_access_module 允许限制某些IP地址的客户端访问。

如下范例:

location/ {

deny  192.168.1.1;

allow 192.168.1.0/24;

allow 10.1.1.0/16;

allow 2001:0db8::/32;

deny  all;

}

注:规则按照顺序依次检测,直到匹配到第一条规则。 在这个例子里,IPv4的网络中只有 10.1.1.0/16 和 192.168.1.0/24允许访问,但 192.168.1.1除外, 对于IPv6的网络,只有2001:0db8::/32允许访问。

3.10集成Naxsi模块

Naxsi模块的集成,是基于Nginx已经部署了或已经存在系统中。

第一步:下载naxsi

[qiang@localhosthome]$ wget  http://naxsi.googlecode.com/files/naxsi-core-0.51-1.tgz

注:如果不能上网可以事先下载,再上传到服务器中。

第二步:解压naxsi

[qiang@localhost install]$ tar -zxvfnaxsi-core-0.51-1.tgz

第三步:切换到naxsi-core-0.51-1目录,并复制其配置文件到nginx.conf同目录下

[qiang@localhostnaxsi_config]$ cp naxsi_core.rules /etc/nginx/naxsi_core.rules

修改naxsi_core.rules的配置如下:

##################################

## INTERNAL RULESIDS:1-999     ##

##################################

#@MainRule "msg:weirdrequest, unable to parse" id:1;

#@MainRule"msg:request too big, stored on disk and not parsed" id:2;

#@MainRule"msg:invalid hex encoding, null bytes" id:10;

#@MainRule"msg:unknown content-type" id:11;

#@MainRule"msg:invalid formatted url" id:12;

#@MainRule "msg:invalidPOST format" id:13;

#@MainRule"msg:invalid POST boundary" id:14;

##################################

## SQL InjectionsIDs:1000-1099 ##

##################################

MainRule"rx:select|union|update|delete|insert|table|from|ascii|hex|unhex|drop""msg:sql keywords" "mz:BODY|URL|ARGS|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie""s:$SQL:8" id:1000;

MainRule"str:\"" "msg:double quote""mz:BODY|URL|ARGS|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$SQL:8,$XSS:8"id:1001;

MainRule"str:0x" "msg:0x, possible hex encoding""mz:BODY|URL|ARGS|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$SQL:2" id:1002;

## Hardcore rules

MainRule"str:/*" "msg:mysql comment (/*)""mz:BODY|URL|ARGS|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$SQL:8" id:1003;

MainRule"str:*/" "msg:mysql comment (*/)""mz:BODY|URL|ARGS|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$SQL:8" id:1004;

MainRule "str:|""msg:mysql keyword (|)" "mz:BODY|URL|ARGS|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$SQL:8"id:1005;

##MainRule"str:&&" "msg:mysql keyword (&&)""mz:BODY|URL|ARGS|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$SQL:8" id:1006;

## end of hardcore rules

MainRule"str:--" "msg:mysql comment (--)""mz:BODY|URL|ARGS|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$SQL:4" id:1007;

MainRule "str:;""msg:; in stuff" "mz:BODY|URL|ARGS""s:$SQL:4,$XSS:8" id:1008;

MainRule "str:=""msg:equal in var, probable sql/xss" "mz:ARGS|BODY""s:$SQL:2" id:1009;

MainRule "str:(""msg:parenthesis, probable sql/xss""mz:ARGS|URL|BODY|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$SQL:4,$XSS:8"id:1010;

MainRule "str:)""msg:parenthesis, probable sql/xss""mz:ARGS|URL|BODY|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$SQL:4,$XSS:8"id:1011;

MainRule "str:'""msg:simple quote" "mz:ARGS|BODY|URL|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie""s:$SQL:4,$XSS:8" id:1013;

MainRule "str:,""msg:, in stuff" "mz:BODY|URL|ARGS|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie""s:$SQL:4" id:1015;

MainRule "str:#""msg:mysql comment (#)""mz:BODY|URL|ARGS|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$SQL:4" id:1016;

###############################

## OBVIOUS RFIIDs:1100-1199 ##

###############################

MainRule"str:http://" "msg:http:// scheme""mz:ARGS|BODY|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$RFI:8" id:1100;

MainRule"str:https://" "msg:https:// scheme""mz:ARGS|BODY|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$RFI:8" id:1101;

MainRule"str:ftp://" "msg:ftp:// scheme""mz:ARGS|BODY|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$RFI:8" id:1102;

MainRule"str:php://" "msg:php:// scheme""mz:ARGS|BODY|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$RFI:8" id:1103;

MainRule"str:sftp://" "msg:sftp:// scheme""mz:ARGS|BODY|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$RFI:8" id:1104;

MainRule"str:zlib://" "msg:zlib:// scheme""mz:ARGS|BODY|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$RFI:8" id:1105;

MainRule"str:data://" "msg:data:// scheme" "mz:ARGS|BODY|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie""s:$RFI:8" id:1106;

MainRule"str:glob://" "msg:glob:// scheme""mz:ARGS|BODY|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$RFI:8" id:1107;

MainRule"str:phar://" "msg:phar:// scheme""mz:ARGS|BODY|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$RFI:8" id:1108;

MainRule"str:file://" "msg:file:// scheme""mz:ARGS|BODY|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$RFI:8" id:1109;

#######################################

## Directory traversalIDs:1200-1299 ##

#######################################

MainRule "str:..""msg:double dot" "mz:ARGS|URL|BODY|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie""s:$TRAVERSAL:4" id:1200;

MainRule"str:/etc/passwd" "msg:obvious probe""mz:ARGS|URL|BODY|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$TRAVERSAL:4"id:1202;

MainRule"str:c:\\" "msg:obvious windows path" "mz:ARGS|URL|BODY|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie""s:$TRAVERSAL:4" id:1203;

MainRule"str:cmd.exe" "msg:obvious probe""mz:ARGS|URL|BODY|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$TRAVERSAL:4"id:1204;

MainRule"str:\\" "msg:backslash""mz:ARGS|URL|BODY|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$TRAVERSAL:4"id:1205;

MainRule "str:/""msg:slash in args" "mz:ARGS|BODY|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie""s:$TRAVERSAL:2" id:1206;

########################################

## Cross Site ScriptingIDs:1300-1399 ##

########################################

MainRule"str:<" "msg:html open tag""mz:ARGS|URL|BODY|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$XSS:8" id:1302;

MainRule"str:>" "msg:html close tag""mz:ARGS|URL|BODY|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$XSS:8" id:1303;

MainRule "str:[""msg:[, possible js" "mz:BODY|URL|ARGS|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie""s:$XSS:4" id:1310;

MainRule "str:]""msg:], possible js" "mz:BODY|URL|ARGS|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie""s:$XSS:4" id:1311;

MainRule "str:~""msg:~ character" "mz:BODY|URL|ARGS|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie""s:$XSS:4" id:1312;

MainRule"str:`"  "msg:grave accent!" "mz:ARGS|URL|BODY|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$XSS:8"id:1314;

MainRule "rx:%[2|3]."  "msg:double encoding !""mz:ARGS|URL|BODY|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$XSS:8" id:1315;

MainRule "rx:%3[c|e]."  "msg:double encoding !""mz:ARGS|URL|BODY|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$XSS:8" id:1316;

MainRule "rx:\\\u003[c|e]"  "msg:tag encoding !""mz:ARGS|URL|BODY|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$XSS:8" id:1317;

MainRule "str:&#" "msg:utf7/8 encoding" "mz:ARGS|URL|BODY|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie""s:$EVADE:4" id:1318;

####################################

## Evading tricks IDs:1400-1500 ##

####################################

MainRule"str:&#" "msg: utf7/8 encoding""mz:ARGS|BODY|URL|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$EVADE:4"id:1400;

MainRule"str:%U" "msg: M$ encoding""mz:ARGS|BODY|URL|$HEADERS_VAR:Cookie" "s:$EVADE:4"id:1401;

MainRule negative"rx:multipart/form-data|application/x-www-form-urlencoded""msg:Content is neither mulipart/x-www-form..""mz:$HEADERS_VAR:Content-type" "s:$EVADE:4" id:1402;

#############################

## File uploads: 1500-1600##

#############################

MainRule"rx:.ph|.asp|.ht" "msg:asp/php file upload!""mz:FILE_EXT" "s:$UPLOAD:8" id:1500;

MainRule "rx:.jsp""msg:asp/php file upload!" "mz:FILE_EXT""s:$UPLOAD:8" id:1501;

MainRule "rx:.html""msg:asp/php file upload!" "mz:FILE_EXT""s:$UPLOAD:8" id:1502;

MainRule "rx:.php""msg:asp/php file upload!" "mz:FILE_EXT""s:$UPLOAD:8" id:1503;注:(1)nginx.conf所有的目录是在nginx编译安装时,默认的配置是<prefix>/conf/nginx.conf。

(2)鉴于原有的naxsi_core.rules文件中规则不足,最好是采用本文档中的配置规则。

第四步:编译安装Nginx

查看系统原来编译Nginx的参数:

[qiang @srv-dfh526 ~]#nginx  -V

nginx version: nginx/1.3.0

TLS SNI support enabled

configure arguments:--with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_gzip_static_module--with-http_ssl_module --prefix=/usr/local/nginx--with-openssl=/root/install/openssl-1.0.1c --with-pcre=/root/install/pcre-8.20

在原来的编译参数的首行加入--add-module=/root/install/naxsi-core-0.51-1/naxsi_src。

[qiang@localhostnginx-1.5.7]#./configure

--add-module=/root/install/naxsi-core-0.51-1/naxsi_src\

--with-http_stub_status_module\

--with-http_gzip_static_module\

--with-http_ssl_module \

--prefix=/usr/local/nginx\

--with-openssl=/root/install/openssl-1.0.1c\

--with-pcre=/root/install/pcre-8.20

[root@localhostnginx-1.5.7]# make && make install

注:上述的参数可以根据实际情况选择,但是标红的需要有。

第五步:验证nginx是否安装成功

[qiang@localhostnginx-1.5.7]# nginx

nginx: [warn] low addressbits of 192.168.1.65/26 are meaningless in /etc/nginx/nginx.conf:78

[qiang@localhostnginx-1.5.7]# ps -ef |grep nginx

root      3086    1  0 10:53 ?        00:00:00 nginx: master process nginx

root      3087 3086  1 10:53 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process

root      3088 3086  1 10:53 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process

root      3089 3086  1 10:53 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process

root      3090 3086  1 10:53 ?        00:00:00 nginx: worker process

root      3093 3073  4 10:53 pts/1    00:00:00 grep nginx

第六步:配置过滤条件

切换目录到与nginx.conf同目录下,新建nbs.rules文件。

[qiang@localhost nginx]#vim nbs.rules

##LearningMode;

#Enables learningmode--stop

SecRulesEnabled;

##Disables learning

##SecRulesDisabled;

DeniedUrl"/RequestDenied";

## check rules

CheckRule "$SQL >=8" BLOCK;

CheckRule "$RFI >=8" BLOCK;

CheckRule "$TRAVERSAL>= 8" BLOCK;

CheckRule "$EVADE>= 8" BLOCK;

CheckRule "$XSS >=8" BLOCK;

############################################################

##      STOP  ALL   RULES(如果不需要可以关闭全部过滤规则)  ##

############################################################

#BasicRule wl:0;

##################################

## INTERNAL RULESIDS:1-999     ##

##################################

BasicRulewl:1,2,10,11,12,13,14;

##################################

## SQL InjectionsIDs:1000-1099 ##

##################################

BasicRule wl: 1000,1001,1002,1003,1004,1005,1006,1007,1008,1009,1010,1011,1012,1013,1014,1015,1016;

###############################

## OBVIOUS RFIIDs:1100-1199 ##

###############################

BasicRulewl:1100,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106,1107,1108,1109;

#######################################

## Directory traversalIDs:1200-1299 ##

#######################################

BasicRulewl:1200,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206;

########################################

## Cross Site ScriptingIDs:1300-1399 ##

########################################

BasicRulewl:1310,1311,1312,1313,1314,1315,1318;

####################################

## Evading tricks IDs:1400-1500 ##

####################################

BasicRulewl:1400,1401,1402;

#############################

## File uploads: 1500-1600##

#############################

BasicRule wl:1500,1501,1502,1503;

注:该nbs.rules文件的规则需要根据不同的业务应用制定。

第七步:配置nginx.conf

http{

#必须配置

include       naxsi_core.rules;

include       mime.types;

default_type  application/octet-stream;

.......

server {

listen       80;

server_name  localhost centoshost.com;

charset utf-8;

.......

location /wavsep/ {

.......

#每一个location配置首行都需要添加该行

includenbs.rules;

.......

}

 #与应用处于相同的server配置

location /RequestDenied {

error_page  404 /404.html;

}

注:wavsep表示一个demo应用。

第八步:重启nginx

[qiang@localhostnginx]# nginx -t -c /etc/nginx/nginx.conf

nginx:[warn] low address bits of 192.168.1.65/26 are meaningless in/etc/nginx/nginx.conf:78

nginx:the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok

nginx:configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful

[qiang@localhostnginx]# nginx -s reload

nginx:[warn] low address bits of 192.168.1.65/26 are meaningless in/etc/nginx/nginx.conf:78

第九步:测试拦截规则是否启用

上述的规则仅过滤“<”、“>”。

测试XSS注入:

结果:

第十步:替换应用中的ajax

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function htmlEncode (str){

    var s = "";

    if (str.length == 0) return "";

    //s = str.replace(/ /g, " ");

    //s = str.replace(/&/g, "&");

    s = str.replace(/</g, "<");

    s=s.replace(/%3C/g,"<");

    s=s.replace(/%3c/g,"<");

    s = s.replace(/>/g, ">");

    s = s.replace(/%3E/g, ">");

    s = s.replace(/%3e/g, ">");

    //s = s.replace(/\'/g, "'");

    //s = s.replace(/\"/g, """);

    //s = s.replace(/\n/g, "<br>");

    return s;

}

function ajaxJsonCall(url, data, callback) {

    var source="";

    if(typeof(data) == "object"){

        source=htmlEncode(JSON.stringify(data));

        source=JSON.parse(source);

        data=source;

    }else if(typeof(data) == "string"){

        source=htmlEncode(data);

        data=source;

    }

    $.ajax({

        url: app_path + '/' + url,

        //contentType: "application/x-www-form-urlencoded;charset=utf-8",

        data: data,

        type: "POST",

        dataType: "json",

        error:function(msg){msg.rtnCode='999999';msg.rtnMsg='发生未知异常';callback(msg)},

        success: callback

    });

    /*data = replacechar(data);  

    $.post(app_path + '/' + url, data, callback, 'json');*/

}

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