Python 内置函数最全汇总,现看现用
今天,好好看看这些Python内置函数,也许你明天就能用到Python 内置函数最全汇总:1 abs()绝对值或复数的模In [1]: abs(-6)Out[1]: 62 all() 接受一个迭代器,如果迭代器的所有元素都为真,那么返回True,否则返回FalseIn [2]: all([1,0,3,6])Out[2]: FalseIn [3]: all([1,2,3])Out[3]: True3 any() 接受一个迭代器,如果迭代器里有一个元素为真,那么返回True,否则返回FalseIn [4]: any([0,0,0,[]])Out[4]: FalseIn [5]: any([0,0,1])Out[5]: True4 ascii() 调用对象的repr() 方法,获得该方法的返回值In [30]: class Student():...: def __init__(self,id,name):...: self.id = id...: self.name = name...: def __repr__(self):...: return 'id = '+self.id +', name = '+self.nameIn [33]: print(xiaoming)id = 001, name = xiaomingIn [34]: ascii(xiaoming)Out[34]: 'id = 001, name = xiaoming'5 bin()将十进制转换为二进制In [35]: bin(10)Out[35]: '0b1010'6 oct()将十进制转换为八进制In [36]: oct(9)Out[36]: '0o11'7 hex()将十进制转换为十六进制In [37]: hex(15)Out[37]: '0xf'8 bool() 测试一个对象是True, 还是False.In [38]: bool([0,0,0])Out[38]: TrueIn [39]: bool([])Out[39]: FalseIn [40]: bool([1,0,1])Out[40]: True9 bytes() 将一个字符串转换成字节类型In [44]: s = 'apple'In [45]: bytes(s,encoding='utf-8')Out[45]: b'apple'10 str() 将字符类型、数值类型等转换为字符串类型In [46]: integ = 100In [47]: str(integ)Out[47]: '100'11 callable() 判断对象是否可以被调用,能被调用的对象就是一个callable 对象,比如函数 str, int 等都是可被调用的,但是例子4 中xiaoming这个实例是不可被调用的:In [48]: callable(str)Out[48]: TrueIn [49]: callable(int)Out[49]: TrueIn [50]: xiaomingOut[50]: id = 001, name = xiaomingIn [51]: callable(xiaoming)Out[51]: False12 chr()查看十进制整数对应的ASCII字符In [54]: chr(65)Out[54]: 'A'13 ord()查看某个ascii对应的十进制数In [60]: ord('A')Out[60]: 6514 classmethod() classmethod 修饰符对应的函数不需要实例化,不需要 self 参数,但第一个参数需要是表示自身类的 cls 参数,可以来调用类的属性,类的方法,实例化对象等。In [66]: class Student():...: def __init__(self,id,name):...: self.id = id...: self.name = name...: def __repr__(self):...: return 'id = '+self.id +', name = '+self.name...: @classmethod...: def f(cls):...: print(cls)15 complie() 将字符串编译成python 能识别或可以执行的代码,也可以将文字读成字符串再编译。In [74]: s = 'print('helloworld')'In [75]: r = compile(s,'<string>', 'exec')In [76]: rOut[76]: <code object <module> at 0x0000000005DE75D0, file '<string>', line 1>In [77]: exec(r)helloworld16 complex()创建一个复数In [81]: complex(1,2)Out[81]: (1+2j)17 delattr() 删除对象的属性In [87]: delattr(xiaoming,'id')In [88]: hasattr(xiaoming,'id')Out[88]: False18 dict() 创建数据字典In [92]: dict()Out[92]: {}In [93]: dict(a='a',b='b')Out[93]: {'a': 'a', 'b': 'b'}In [94]: dict(zip(['a','b'],[1,2]))Out[94]: {'a': 1, 'b': 2}In [95]: dict([('a',1),('b',2)])Out[95]: {'a': 1, 'b': 2}19 dir() 不带参数时返回当前范围内的变量,方法和定义的类型列表;带参数时返回参数的属性,方法列表。In [96]: dir(xiaoming)Out[96]:['__class__','__delattr__','__dict__','__dir__','__doc__','__eq__','__format__','__ge__','__getattribute__','__gt__','__hash__','__init__','__init_subclass__','__le__','__lt__','__module__','__ne__','__new__','__reduce__','__reduce_ex__','__repr__','__setattr__','__sizeof__','__str__','__subclasshook__','__weakref__','name']20 divmod() 分别取商和余数In [97]: divmod(10,3)Out[97]: (3, 1)21 enumerate() 返回一个可以枚举的对象,该对象的next()方法将返回一个元组。In [98]: s = ['a','b','c']...: for i ,v in enumerate(s,1):...: print(i,v)...:1 a2 b3 c22 eval() 将字符串str 当成有效的表达式来求值并返回计算结果取出字符串中内容In [99]: s = '1 + 3 +5'...: eval(s)...:Out[99]: 923 exec() 执行字符串或complie方法编译过的字符串,没有返回值In [74]: s = 'print('helloworld')'In [75]: r = compile(s,'<string>', 'exec')In [76]: rOut[76]: <code object <module> at 0x0000000005DE75D0, file '<string>', line 1>In [77]: exec(r)helloworld24 filter() 过滤器,构造一个序列,等价于[ item for item in iterables if function(item)]在函数中设定过滤条件,逐一循环迭代器中的元素,将返回值为True时的元素留下,形成一个filter类型数据。In [101]: fil = filter(lambda x: x>10,[1,11,2,45,7,6,13])In [102]: list(fil)Out[102]: [11, 45, 13]25 float() 将一个字符串或整数转换为浮点数In [103]: float(3)Out[103]: 3.026 format() 格式化输出字符串,format(value, format_spec)实质上是调用了value的format(format_spec)方法。In [104]: print('i am {0},age{1}'.format('tom',18))i am tom,age1827 frozenset() 创建一个不可修改的集合。In [105]: frozenset([1,1,3,2,3])Out[105]: frozenset({1, 2, 3})28 getattr() 获取对象的属性In [106]: getattr(xiaoming,'name')Out[106]: 'xiaoming'29 globals() 返回一个描述当前全局变量的字典30 hasattr()In [110]: hasattr(xiaoming,'name')Out[110]: TrueIn [111]: hasattr(xiaoming,'id')Out[111]: False31 hash() 返回对象的哈希值In [112]: hash(xiaoming)Out[112]: 613963832 help() 返回对象的帮助文档In [113]: help(xiaoming)Help on Student in module __main__ object:class Student(builtins.object)| Methods defined here:|| __init__(self, id, name)|| __repr__(self)|| ----------------------------------------------------------------------| Data descriptors defined here:|| __dict__| dictionary for instance variables (if defined)|| __weakref__| list of weak references to the object (if defined)33 id() 返回对象的内存地址In [115]: id(xiaoming)Out[115]: 9823420834 input() 获取用户输入内容In [116]: input()aaOut[116]: 'aa'35 int() int(x, base =10) , x可能为字符串或数值,将x 转换为一个普通整数。如果参数是字符串,那么它可能包含符号和小数点。如果超出了普通整数的表示范围,一个长整数被返回。In [120]: int('12',16)Out[120]: 1836 isinstance(object, classinfo)判断object是否为类classinfo的实例,是返回trueIn [20]: class Student():...: ...: def __init__(self,id,name):...: ...: self.id = id...: ...: self.name = name...: ...: def __repr__(self):...: ...: return 'id = '+self.id +', name = '+self.name...:In [21]: xiaoming = Student('001','xiaoming')In [22]: isinstance(xiaoming,Student)Out[22]: True37 issubclass(class, classinfo)如果class是classinfo类的子类,返回True:In [27]: class undergraduate(Student):...: def studyClass(self):...: pass...: def attendActivity(self):...: pass...:In [28]: issubclass(undergraduate,Student)Out[28]: TrueIn [29]: issubclass(object,Student)Out[29]: FalseIn [30]: issubclass(Student,object)Out[30]: True如果class是classinfo元组中某个元素的子类,也会返回TrueIn [26]: issubclass(int,(int,float))Out[26]: True38 iter(object, sentinel)返回一个可迭代对象, sentinel可省略In [72]: lst = [1,3,5]In [73]: for i in iter(lst):...: print(i)...:135sentinel 理解为迭代对象的哨兵,一旦迭代到此元素,立即终止:In [81]: class TestIter(object):...: def __init__(self):...: self.l=[1,3,2,3,4,5]...: self.i=iter(self.l)...: def __call__(self): #定义了__call__方法的类的实例是可调用的...: item = next(self.i)...: print ('__call__ is called,which would return',item)...: return item...: def __iter__(self): #支持迭代协议(即定义有__iter__()函数)...: print ('__iter__ is called!!')...: return iter(self.l)...:In [82]: t = TestIter()...: t1 = iter(t, 3)...: for i in t1:...: print(i)...:__call__ is called,which would return 11__call__ is called,which would return 339 len(s)返回对象的长度(元素个数)In [83]: dic = {'a':1,'b':3}In [84]: len(dic)Out[84]: 240 list([iterable])返回可变序列类型In [85]: list(map(lambda x: x%2==1, [1,3,2,4,1]))Out[85]: [True, True, False, False, True]41 map(function, iterable, …)返回一个将 function 应用于 iterable 中每一项并输出其结果的迭代器:In [85]: list(map(lambda x: x%2==1, [1,3,2,4,1]))Out[85]: [True, True, False, False, True]可以传入多个iterable对象,输出长度等于最短序列的长度:In [88]: list(map(lambda x,y: x%2==1 and y%2==0, [1,3,2,4,1],[3,2,1,2]))Out[88]: [False, True, False, False]42 max(iterable,*[, key, default])返回最大值:In [99]: max(3,1,4,2,1)Out[99]: 4In [100]: max((),default=0)Out[100]: 0In [89]: di = {'a':3,'b1':1,'c':4}In [90]: max(di)Out[90]: 'c'In [102]: a = [{'name':'xiaoming','age':18,'gender':'male'},{'name':'...: xiaohong','age':20,'gender':'female'}]In [104]: max(a,key=lambda x: x['age'])Out[104]: {'name': 'xiaohong', 'age': 20, 'gender': 'female'}43 min(iterable,*[, key, default])返回最小值44 memoryview(obj)返回由给定实参创建的“内存视图”对象, Python 代码访问一个对象的内部数据,只要该对象支持 缓冲区协议 而无需进行拷贝45 next(iterator,[, default])返回可迭代对象的下一个元素In [129]: it = iter([5,3,4,1])In [130]: next(it)Out[130]: 5In [131]: next(it)Out[131]: 3In [132]: next(it)Out[132]: 4In [133]: next(it)Out[133]: 1In [134]: next(it,0) #迭代到头,默认返回值为0Out[134]: 0In [135]: next(it)----------------------------------------------------------------------StopIteration Traceback (most recent call last)<ipython-input-135-bc1ab118995a> in <module>----> 1 next(it)StopIteration:46 object()返回一个没有特征的新对象。object 是所有类的基类。In [137]: o = object()In [138]: type(o)Out[138]: object47 open(file)返回文件对象In [146]: fo = open('D:/a.txt',mode='r', encoding='utf-8')In [147]: fo.read()Out[147]: '\ufefflife is not so long,\nI use Python to play.'mode取值表:字符意义'r'读取(默认)'w'写入,并先截断文件'x'排它性创建,如果文件已存在则失败'a'写入,如果文件存在则在末尾追加'b'二进制模式't'文本模式(默认)'+'打开用于更新(读取与写入)48 pow(base, exp[, mod])base为底的exp次幂,如果mod给出,取余In [149]: pow(3, 2, 4)Out[149]: 149 print(objects)打印对象,此函数不解释50 class property(fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None)返回 property 属性,典型的用法:class C:def __init__(self):self._x = Nonedef getx(self):return self._xdef setx(self, value):self._x = valuedef delx(self):del self._x# 使用property类创建 property 属性x = property(getx, setx, delx, 'I'm the 'x' property.')使用python装饰器,实现与上完全一样的效果代码:class C:def __init__(self):self._x = None@propertydef x(self):return self._x@x.setterdef x(self, value):self._x = value@x.deleterdef x(self):del self._x51 range(stop)range(start, stop[,step])生成一个不可变序列:In [153]: range(11)Out[153]: range(0, 11)In [154]: range(0,11,1)Out[154]: range(0, 11)52 reversed(seq)返回一个反向的 iterator:In [155]: rev = reversed([1,4,2,3,1])In [156]: for i in rev:...: print(i)...:1324153 round(number[, ndigits])四舍五入,ndigits代表小数点后保留几位:In [157]: round(10.0222222, 3)Out[157]: 10.02254 class set([iterable])返回一个set对象,可实现去重:In [159]: a = [1,4,2,3,1]In [160]: set(a)Out[160]: {1, 2, 3, 4}55 class slice(stop)class slice(start, stop[, step])返回一个表示由 range(start, stop, step) 所指定索引集的 slice对象In [170]: a = [1,4,2,3,1]In [171]: a[slice(0,5,2)] #等价于a[0:5:2]Out[171]: [1, 2, 1]56 sorted(iterable, *, key=None, reverse=False)排序:In [174]: a = [1,4,2,3,1]In [175]: sorted(a,reverse=True)Out[175]: [4, 3, 2, 1, 1]In [178]: a = [{'name':'xiaoming','age':18,'gender':'male'},{'name':'...: xiaohong','age':20,'gender':'female'}]In [180]: sorted(a,key=lambda x: x['age'],reverse=False)Out[180]:[{'name': 'xiaoming', 'age': 18, 'gender': 'male'},{'name': 'xiaohong', 'age': 20, 'gender': 'female'}]57 @staticmethod将方法转换为静态方法,不做解释58 class str(object='')返回一个 str版本的 object,str 是内置字符串 class59 sum(iterable, /, start=0)求和:In [181]: a = [1,4,2,3,1]In [182]: sum(a)Out[182]: 11In [185]: sum(a,10) #求和的初始值为10Out[185]: 2160 super([type[, object-or-type]])返回一个代理对象,它会将方法调用委托给 type 的父类或兄弟类61 tuple([iterable])虽然被称为函数,但 tuple 实际上是一个不可变的序列类型62 class type(object)class type(name, bases, dict)传入一个参数时,返回 object 的类型:In [186]: type(xiaoming)Out[186]: __main__.StudentIn [187]: type(tuple())Out[187]: tuple63 zip(*iterables)创建一个聚合了来自每个可迭代对象中的元素的迭代器:In [188]: x = [3,2,1]In [189]: y = [4,5,6]In [190]: list(zip(y,x))Out[190]: [(4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1)]In [191]: a = range(5)In [192]: b = list('abcde')In [193]: bOut[193]: ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']In [194]: [str(y) + str(x) for x,y in zip(a,b)]Out[194]: ['a0', 'b1', 'c2', 'd3', 'e4']