古埃及法老是印欧人？

今天看到易华教授在微信转发一文：《地平线》Horizon， Wednesday 14/06/2017 发布的一则重大新闻。由于是英文，很多网友表示看不懂，希望我简单地翻译要义。我在线随手翻译一下。

这篇考古新闻对于我的研究可谓具有重大意义，其最初信息可能来自5月30日的《自然-通讯》（看来这篇新闻与原作有一定距离，还有其他的研究来源）。它支持了我一直以来的一些基本思路。

百年前人们往往认为古埃及文明是世界文明之源。但在我的概念里，主要从气候以及《旧约》文献考证，非洲的古埃及文明不但不是世界文明之源，很可能它是北方文明的接受者，比如近东与西亚人南下，尤其是以犹太人为代表的人群对于古埃及王室的影响。对此我有长年的跟踪研究，多本拙著都是讲述类似的逻辑，更有一个制作中的专题片是讲述亚伯拉罕后裔与近东和中亚印欧人以及中国三代之间关系的，当然也有关古埃及，因为犹太人自称在埃及居住了几百年。所以，阅读此文是格外的一份惊喜。

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题目：《新的分子人类学揭示：古埃及人更接近亚美尼亚人 而非非洲》

Ancient Egyptians were closer to Armenians than to Africans; a new genetics study reveals

June 07, 2017 640 0

A recent study sheds light on the age old question “who were the ancient Egyptians?”

最近的一项研究可能给这桩公案带来一线曙光：古埃及人是谁？

(People of Ar) – A team of international scientists from the University of Tuebingen and the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Germany analyzed the DNA of 93 Egyptian mummies dating from approximately 1400 BCE to 400 CE. The evidence from their study reveals a surprising close relation to ancient people of the Near East such as Armenians.

一个来自美国图宾根大学的团队与德国的一个人类科学研究所 the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History 共同分析了93具自公元前1400到公元400年的木乃伊的DNA。结果令人吃惊地显示，这些古埃及人的基因竟然接近近东人，比如亚美尼亚人。

Our analyses reveal that ancient Egyptians shared more ancestry with Near Easterners than present-day Egyptians, who received additional sub-Saharan admixture in more recent times.

我们的分析显示，古埃及人与近东人更接近，今天的埃及人则更多来自撒哈拉以南地区的混合。

We find that ancient Egyptians are most closely related to Neolithic and Bronze Age samples in the Levant, as well as to Neolithic Anatolian and European populations.

我们发现，古埃及人最接近新石器时代与青铜时代的利凡特附近的古人样本（犹太人是这一地区的主要代表——苏三），还有近东的安纳托里亚人以及印欧人。（这些也都是我之前的逻辑推理，集中于我的专题片脚本以及近两年的研究，多数散见于我的微信公号——苏三）

Furthermore, the researchers found that over the 1,300-year period that the mummies represented, the population genetics of the ancient Egypt stayed surprising stable, despite foreign invasions

另外，研究者发现，在长达1300年里这些木乃伊显示，他们的群体遗传令人吃惊地稳定，尽管也有一些外来侵袭痕迹，血统上基本上没有被外族侵染。

The genetics of the Abusir el-Meleq community did not undergo any major shifts during the 1,300-year timespan we studied, suggesting that the population remained, genetically, relatively unaffected by foreign conquest and rule.

said Wolfgang Haak, from the Max Planck Institutes.

The sub-Saharan African genetic influx seems to have only started after the Roman period, which coincides with the advent of monotheism in particularly Islam. Hence why modern Egyptians are more genetically shifted towards African people than the ancient Egyptians.

撒哈拉沙漠以南地区的埃及人遗传标志来自于罗马时期之后，与一神论的出现，尤其是伊斯兰有关。这就解释了为何古埃及人不是现代埃及人的问题。

We found the ancient Egyptian samples falling distinct from modern Egyptians, and closer towards Near Eastern and European samples. In contrast, modern Egyptians are shifted towards sub-Saharan African populations.

So it turns out that modern Egyptians share more genetic ancestry with Sub-Saharan Africans than ancient Egyptians did, while the ancient Egyptians show a closer genetic affinity with ancient people from the Near East and the Levant like Armenians.

Tutankhamun’s paternal lineage

图坦卡蒙法老的父系基因

Something similar was revealed a few years ago when a controversy erupted surrounding Tutankhamun’s paternal lineage. Egyptian scholars have tested the autosomal and Y-DNA markers of three Pharaohs of the 18th dynasty : Amenhotep III, his son Akhenaten and grandson Tutankhamun. The aim was to determine the cause of death of Tutankhamun, who died at age 19. They however did not release the genetic data to the public themselves. The Discovery Chanel was making a documentary about this research and perhaps by mistake has recorded and aired some of the results from scientists computers.

前几年有关图坦卡蒙法老基因显示了同样的问题。埃及学者曾经测试了三位第18王朝法老的常染色体与父系基因，阿蒙霍特三世，他的儿子爱赫纳吞以及孙子图坦卡蒙法老，主要是为了揭示图坦卡蒙法老为何死于19岁的原因。但最终他们没有向外界发布结果（是民族主义大发作？——苏三）。Discovery频道制作了一期纪录片，很可能是歪打正着地播发了一些科学家藏在计算机内的一些基础研究数据。

Keen observers of the genetics company iGENEA quickly pointed out that the video from Discovery Channel shows the Y-STR results, which appear to be R1b. R1b and its variants is rare among modern Egyptians and the Middle East, it is however quite common in Europe and among the Armenians. This revelation however has not been taken seriously by academia, since the results were never officially published by Egyptian scholars.

细心的iGENEA工作人员发现了 Dsicovery播出的父系染色体信息可以推论出是印欧人特有的R1b标记。而这一父系基因实际上在现代埃及人以及整个中东都是比较罕见的，但在印欧人与亚美尼亚人中间却属常见。但这一发现却并未被学界严肃对待 （我在2014年出版的《新文明简史》（多看网有电子版）里就运用了这一数据——苏三），因为这个结果从未被正式公布过。

Looking back however, with the recent study in mind, it is highly possible that the ancient Egyptian Pharaohs had European or Armenian ancestry.

回顾一下以往的研究以及现在的研究，非常可能古埃及法老就是印欧人或亚美尼亚血统。

Ancient Europeans and modern Armenians

古印欧人与亚美尼亚人

The Armenian Highlands and Anatolia form a bridge connecting Europe, the Near East and the Caucasus. Anatolia’s location and history have placed it at the centre of several modern human expansions in Eurasia: it has been inhabited continuously since at least the early Upper Palaeolithic, and has the oldest known monumental complex built by huntergatherers in the 10th millennium BCE (Armenian Portasar commonly known as Göbekli Tepe). It is believed to have been the origin and/or route for migrating Near Eastern farmers towards Europe during the Neolithic, and has also played a major role in the dispersal of the Indo-European languages.

亚美尼亚高地与安纳托里亚形成了一个欧亚桥梁。安纳托里亚所在地与历史置于他这样一个多方人群的核心地区：在旧石器时代这里就有人居住，这里具有最为古老的万年历史的 Göbekli Tepe巨石祭祀建筑圈。这里还是新时期时代流进欧洲第一代农民的发源地，同时还是印欧语的发源地之一。

亚美尼亚高原

A genetics study by Haber et. al (2015) published not so long ago in the Nature’s European Journal of Human Genetics has demonstrated this connection.

We show that Armenians have higher genetic affinity to Neolithic Europeans than other present-day Near Easterners, and that 29% of the Armenian ancestry may originate from an ancestral population best represented by Neolithic Europeans.

Hence today’s Armenians show genetic affinity to both the ancient Europeans and Egyptians. For more details read the following article: Armenians Have A High Genetic Affinity To Ancient Europeans

结果显示，今天的亚美尼亚人不仅与古埃及人遗传接近，而且与古印欧人接近。（请熟悉我的朋友阅读我的专题片脚本中有关犹太人印欧起源部分——苏三）

The Hyksos

希克索斯人

One explanation for the ancient Egyptian genetic affinity to Near East and Europe could be the Hyksos invasion. The Hyksos (Egyptian heqa khaseshet, meaning: “ruler(s) of the foreign countries”) were a people of unknown origin who settled in the eastern Nile Delta, some time before 1650 BC and ruled over Egypt well into the Hellenistic era. The Hyksos were often described as bowmen and cavalrymen wearing the cloaks of many colors. They were excellent archers and horse riders, who brought chariot warfare to Egypt.

有关这一现象的解释之一可以考虑一下著名的希克索斯入侵课题。希克索斯是古埃及遭到侵袭的一个不明人群，公元前1650年他们居住在尼罗河三角洲的东部，后来统治埃及一直到希腊化时期。Hyksos他们经常被描述为弓箭手和骑兵，穿着五颜六色的衣服。他们是优秀的弓箭手和骑马者，是他们把战车战带到了埃及。（学界通常把这群人看做是希伯来人。而今天犹太人只是最初希伯来人的不到10%，所以我一直认为其他的古希伯来人就散播在从埃及到中亚的广大地区，当然也应该包括亚美尼亚人。事实上我一直在追寻更为具体的族群，所以本篇新闻对于我是极大的支持，也是进展。而研究犹太人与《旧约》不过是一种有效的“方法论”，而非结果。远古的历史研究其实是拼图游戏——苏三）

Various theories have been postulated regarding their origin among them the theory of their Hurrian and Indo-European descent. Their way of life certainly resembles that of the Armeno-Aryan peoples of the time. The Hyksos for example practiced horse burials, and their chief deity was a storm God who later became associated with the Egyptian storm and desert god Set. Ancient Armenians worshiped the storm God Teshub/Teisheba. Teshub was later also identified with Aramazd and Hayk.

有关古埃及的希克索斯王朝的起源争论已久，有胡里安人之说（有日本朋友曾经如此对我提示过。但我更重视相关的赫梯人与古提人，乃至印度雅利安人——苏三），有印欧人起源说。他们的生活方式是接近亚美利-雅利安人群的。比如希克索斯人有葬马习俗，他们的主要神祗是风暴神，后来转化为埃及的风暴神set。

Furthermore, the Hyksos brought several technical innovations to Egypt, as well as cultural infusions such as new musical instruments and foreign loanwords. The changes introduced include new techniques of bronze working and pottery, new breeds of animals, and new crops. In warfare, they introduced the horse and chariot, the composite bow, improved battle axes, and advanced fortification techniques. All of this strongly suggests Indo-European origin. Robert Drews (1994) in this book “The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East” describes the Hyksos as follows:

另外，希克索斯也给古埃及带去了一些文化技术新风，比如乐器与外来词汇，还有青铜技术与陶器、新的牲畜养殖以及新的农作物。在战争中，他们引进了马和战车、复合弓、改进的战斧和先进的防御技术。所有这些都有力地表明了希克索斯人是印欧起源。罗伯特德鲁兹在1994年出版的《希腊化的到来：印欧人在爱琴海与近东的征服》一书中如此描写希克索斯人：

“Where the hyksos chiefs who took over Egypt ca. 1650 B.C. may have gotten their chariots and charioteers is not known, but eastern Anatolia is not an unlikely source. The most direct evidence for the importance of Armenia in the development and manufacture of military chariots in the Late Bronze Age comes from Egyptian tombs. Since Egypt lacked the necessary woods, one assumes that the pharaohs regularly purchased from abroad either finished chariots or-after Egyptian woodworkers had perfected their skills-the requisite chariot wood. A tomb inscription from the reign of Amenhotep II declares that the wood for His Majesty’s chariot was brought from “the country of Naharin” (Mitanni). Since Mitanni itself was not wooded, we may suppose that the material come from the mountains to the north of Mitanni. In the case of the fifteenth century chariot now in Florance’s Museo Archeologico, studies of the wood done more than fifty years ago concluded that the chariot was made in Armenia, or quite precisely in the mountainous area bounded on the east by the Caspian, and on the south and west by a diagonal line extending from the southern shores of the Caspian to the Black Sea coast in the vicinity of Trebizond. If Egypt was to some extent dependent upon eastern Anatolia for its chariotry during the Eighteenth Dynasty, there are grounds for suspecting that when the chariot warfare first came to Egypt, it came from Armenia.”

喜克索斯首领接手埃及的公元前1650年是不是已经得到了战车和骑兵还不是很肯定，但这些来源于安纳托利亚东部却不是不可能的。那些是亚美尼亚人的青铜时代的战车的直接证据，来自于古埃及的坟墓挖掘。其中相关的木材也来自亚美尼亚，有人推测是法老向他们购买加工的。Amenhotep II法老的木件则来自中亚的米坦尼。十几年前确证他们是在高加索东部的山区的亚美尼亚制造的。也就是说，亚美尼亚战车是第一批进入埃及的。

That there was plenty of contact between ancient Egypt and ancient Armenia is apparent from Egyptian artifacts that were found in ancient Armenian burials. Whether the Hyksos explain the ancient Egyptian affinity to Armenians and other ancient people of Levant, Anatolia and Europe, or that perhaps this genetic influx extends to far older times remains a mystery. It is not unthinkable that the entire ancient Egyptian civilization radiated from the Armenian plateau after the invention and the spread of agriculture that occurred on the Armenian Highlands and its adjacent territories. The fact that within 1,300-year timespan that these DNA samples represent, there is great genetic continuity among the ancient Egyptians, suggests that it might extend to much older periods even predating the Hyksos invasion. Unless scholars find older Egyptian DNA to analyse and compare, this will remain a subject of discussion.

无数古埃及与亚美尼亚的古墓葬发现得到了比较印证。无论希克索斯王朝是否确认是亚美尼亚人或其他的利凡特人（包含犹太人）或安纳托里亚人甚至印欧人，或者是更古的遗传，至今都是个谜。整个古埃及文明是亚美尼亚高原以及附近地区农业文明产生后辐射的结果，这未必不可能。（这正是我最近几年的看法，参见《苏三大历史：忽然》以及另外一个专题片《人类文明是如何诞生的？》（制作中），我实际上一直在等待埃及的法老基因测试结果，而且我期盼他们是印欧标记，因为我推测的犹太人的根系应该是来自于印欧人。而这个故事与中国的第一个王朝夏，紧密相连，而且从《旧约》已经得到一些蛛丝马迹。——苏三）

得到基因检测的这1300年内的木乃伊结果显示，古埃及人的基因继承非常稳定，显示了他们甚至可能早于希克索斯人。（这也是我的推测，因为希伯来人一再地跑往古埃及帝国，从亚伯拉罕到耶稣，都把埃及看做是灾难时的救星，希伯来人对于埃及的依附性非常明显，所以我认为他们很早在那里就埋下了未知的根系。而埃及人对于印欧人的臣服，则来自于马匹马车和青铜技术。这些都没有证据，但有文明的逻辑——苏三）假如埃及人找不到更古的基因证据，那么这一推论是成立的。

Another caution regarding the generalization of these findings should be considered. All of the 93 mummies that have been investigated were found in the same place at Abusir el-Meleq. It is possible that they represent only the upper class of ancient Egyptian life or a regional subgroup. However, because of the fairly large time period (1300 years) these mummies belonged to, it is also feasible to assume that they indeed represent a large portion of the genetics of ancient Egypt, with its roots possibly in Armenian Highlands.

对这一结论需要谨慎的是，所有这些93具木乃伊全部来自于Abusir el-Meleq这同一个地方。很可能他们只是代表了古埃及上层精英或者地区性的样本。但是，无论如何，长达1300年的时间，就说这些根源于亚美尼亚的古代埃及人就是代表了大部分古埃及人，也是可行的吧。

原英文地址：https://horizonweekly.ca/en/ancient-egyptians-were-closer-to-armenians-than-to-africans-a-new-genetics-study-reveals/?from=groupmessage&isappinstalled=0

英文部分未作任何更改。汉语为网友草译。

• 苏三附加资料：

• 《古埃及木乃伊揭示了他们的基因秘密》 http://www.sohu.com/a/144772861_116172

• 还有 《古埃及木乃伊揭示了他们的基因秘密》

• 亚美尼亚起源：

• Historically, the name Armenian has come to internationally designate this group of people. It was first used by neighbouring countries of ancientArmenia. The earliest attestations of the exonym Armenia date around the 6th century BC. In his trilingual Behistun Inscription dated to 517 BC, Darius I the Great of Persia refers to Urashtu (in Babylonian) as Armina (in Old Persian; Armina ( ) and Harminuya (in Elamite). In Greek, Αρμένιοι "Armenians" is attested from about the same time, perhaps the earliest reference being a fragment attributed to Hecataeus of Miletus (476 BC).[27] Xenophon, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC. He relates that the people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians.[28]

  Armenians call themselves Hay (Հայ, pronounced [ˈhaj]; plural: Հայեր, [haˈjɛɾ]). The name has traditionally been derived from Hayk (Հայկ), the legendary patriarch of the Armenians and a great-great-grandson of Noah, who, according to Moses of Chorene, defeated the Babylonian king Bel in 2492 BC and established his nation in the Ararat region.[29] It is also further postulated[30][31] that the name Hay comes from one of the two confederated, Hittite vassal states—the Ḫayaša-Azzi (1600–1200 BC).

  Movses Khorenatsi, the important early medieval Armenian historian, wrote that the word Armenian originated from the name Armenak or Aram (the descendant of Hayk).