一张过程方法图,你能读懂哪些信息?
如果没有记错的话,过程方法(PA, Process Approach)第一次作为术语出现ISO9001: 1994 改版为2000版的时候,背景源于TC176对于日系企业突飞猛进的最佳管理实践总结,好的过程决定好的结果。
用可控的过程来确保可预期结果的输出,是过程方法的价值所在, 但过程方法的价值绝不仅限于此,现分享T&D第四方审核队这10几年来的的一些管理主张与应用。
-白华永 T&D 首席经营质量变革顾问
撰 文 | 白华永 T&D 首席质量变革顾问
文 审 | T&D 变革改进合伙人委员会
不一样的过程方法
解读的越透彻,应用的越彻底
过程:利用输入去实现预期结果的相互关联或相互作用的一组活动
Process:
set of interrelated or interacting activities that use inputs to deliver an intended result
Note 1 to entry: Whether the “intended result” of a process is called output (3.7.5), product (3.7.6) or service(3.7.7) depends on the context of the reference.
Note 2 to entry: Inputs to a process are generally the outputs of other processes and outputs of a process aregenerally the inputs to other processes.Note 3 to entry: Two or more interrelated and interacting processes in series can also be referred to as a process.
Note 4 to entry: Processes in an organization (3.2.1) are generally planned and carried out under controlledconditions to add value.
Note 5 to entry: A process where the conformity (3.6.11) of the resulting output cannot be readily or economicallyvalidated is frequently referred to as a “special process”.
Note 6 to entry: This constitutes one of the common terms and core definitions for ISO management systemstandards given in Annex SL of the Consolidated ISO Supplement to the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. The originaldefinition has been modified to prevent circularity between process and output, and Notes 1 to 5 to entryhave been added.
所谓的“SIAOC”,从ISO9000:2000 应用到今,值得理解透彻。
从上图转化为下图,是我们在问题发现力@系列-过程方法模块经常使用的一张图。
从这张里,我们可以清晰的读到:
1. 何为产品?
Product :
output (3.7.5) of an organization (3.2.1) that can be produced without any transaction taking placebetween the organization and the customer (3.2.4)
Note 1 to entry: Production of a product is achieved without any transaction necessarily taking place betweenprovider (3.2.5) and customer, but can often involve this service (3.7.7) element upon its delivery to the customer.
Note 2 to entry: The dominant element of a product is that it is generally tangible.
Note 3 to entry: Hardware is tangible and its amount is a countable characteristic (3.10.1) (e.g. tyres). Processedmaterials are tangible and their amount is a continuous characteristic (e.g. fuel and soft drinks). Hardwareand processed materials are often referred to as goods. Software consists of information (3.8.2) regardless ofdelivery medium (e.g. computer programme, mobile phone app, instruction manual, dictionary content, musicalcomposition copyright, drivers license).
过程的输出是产品,而按照ISO9001:2015版的阐述有细分了所谓的产品(Products),服务(Services)以及决策(decisions) .
而决策这个点,是很多人往往忽略的。但对于企业高层来讲,决策不是想当然拍脑袋的结果,而应该是个过程,而且是一个基于复杂多变(VUCA)的动态决策过程。
事实上,很多公司的决策缺乏有效管理,甚至缺失管理,全凭老板商业敏感力与过去多年打拼的经验, 决策质量堪忧。
更多的现象在于:很多人搞不清自己的产品到底是什么?
2. 何为客户?
customer :
person or organization (3.2.1) that could or does receive a product (3.7.6) or a service (3.7.7) that isintended for or required by this person or organizationEXAMPLE Consumer, client, end-user, retailer, receiver of product or service from an internal process (3.4.1),beneficiary and purchaser.
Note 1 to entry: A customer can be internal or external to the organization.
通俗来讲,过程的接受者为客户,客户有内外部之分。可以这么理解,公司一个人的工作或部分工作,没有接受者,就不应该有存在的价值,是一种浪费。而很多时候,我们往往忽略了办公环境下的低效率或无用功的工作。
下道工序即客户。而很多公司流程,无法看得出是把下道工序是客户的理念与心态,而是各扫门前雪,或者进一步的“争权夺利”的暗战。
3. 何为质量?
qualitydegree to which a set of inherent characteristics (3.10.1) of an object (3.6.1) fulfils requirements (3.6.4)Note 1 to entry: The term “quality” can be used with adjectives such as poor, good or excellent.Note 2 to entry: “Inherent”, as opposed to “assigned”, means existing in the object (3.6.1).
输出满足客户明示或隐含需求的程度,就是质量;质量合格与否,不是自己说了算,而应是接受者说了算,这是基本逻辑。但实际上,我们职能部门的很多工作是上司说了算,而不是下道客户说了算。
这也是很多企业员工眼睛向上看还是横向看的根本原因,也是流程化组织与传统金字塔式组织的差别。
4. 何为满意度?
customer satisfaction :
customer’s (3.2.4) perception of the degree to which the customer’s expectations have been fulfilled
Note 1 to entry: It can be that the customer’s expectation is not known to the organization (3.2.1), or even to thecustomer in question, until the product (3.7.6) or service (3.7.7) is delivered. It can be necessary for achievinghigh customer satisfaction to fulfil an expectation of a customer even if it is neither stated nor generally impliedor obligatory.
Note 2 to entry: Complaints (3.9.3) are a common indicator of low customer satisfaction but their absence doesnot necessarily imply high customer satisfaction.
Note 3 to entry: Even when customer requirements (3.6.4) have been agreed with the customer and fulfilled, thisdoes not necessarily ensure high customer satisfaction.[SOURCE: ISO 10004:2012, 3.3, modified — Notes have been modified]
实际满足Vs 预期的体验差距,就是满意度。满意度是一种体验,不少公司的客户满意度调查往往流于形式,选择性调查,教条化调查,掩耳盗铃的自欺欺人,也有公司把日常的交货数据作为依据,也都是一厢情愿的做法。
满意度其实是一种表象,而背后的重复采购行为才是真理。往往苛刻的客户,满意度不高,但企业跟着上这类客户,通常会成长很快。
而有效性Vs 效率,准时Vs 速度,流程固化Vs 敏捷性,MOT 关键时刻Vs 流程制度要求,SOD职务分离,供应链,标准Vs质量,产品Vs商品,库存Vs商品,活动Vs过程,风险Vs 效率,过程主人(PO)Vs 职能主人,过程成本Vs 部门预算,过程3N,事前事中事后策略与风控,过程副产物Vs 环境,差错率Vs 变异,过程Vs 体系,过程瓶颈Vs 接口,数据采集等可以从这张图中一目了然,不再一一展开。
所谓“一生二,二生三,三生万物”,一个小小的过程方法,可以演变为一个MiniMBA的框架。
过程本质论
输入的5M1E,输出的QCDS
任何一个过程,输入的无非就是5M1E(人机料法环测),所谓投入的资源,输出的不外乎QCDS(质量/成本/交期/速度),不管你是制造过程,还是采购过程,销售过程......
而输入转化输出的能力是关键,比如:安全,质量一次良率,准时交付,货期速度,人均效率,过程中的差错率与变异是很大的变量,而时间往往是最大的成本。
而识别过程的本质,尤其关键,否则所谓的绩效考核抓不到重点。比如:研发过程的本质是开发出叫好又叫座的产品,所谓叫好,是客户喜欢;所谓叫座,是客户愿意买单,是产品转化为订单,易于采购,易于量产的能力(DFx)
而不是考核图纸的差错率,文件回收率等,当然这些指标也重要,但较之本质,还不是首要的。比如:检验过程的本质,是控制流入流出的风险,而非检验合格率
绩效导向的指挥棒错了,很多时候就全错了。
过程效果论
客观评价与场景化应用
典型的乌龟图是评价一个过程要素的形象阐述,其实就是5W2H的场景化应用。
如何有效的去评价一个过程?T&D 提出的过程方法的“7步法”应用,可以快速让一个新手快速的具备基本的“即战力”。
从不确定的结果(非预期)倒推到可确定的标准管理动作,这是手工作业时代与工业批量大生产时代的分水岭。
从可确定的管理动作(SOP) 可控的产品机理(工艺技术 设备技术)转化为可预期的结果,这是一家公司的制造体系竞争力所在,也是世界级制造业的DNA.
过程要不断改进,改进的前提是过程或流程趋于稳定,否则,改进无意义。
过程Vs体系
既见树木,又见森林
过程是体系的构件,过程为体系服务;而体系必须持续为经营服务,这是管理的基本逻辑。这意味着,过程改善不能是局部的,碎片化的,不要为了优化局部的过程而导致整体效率与速度的丧失。
这是很多公司在过程管理方面走入的另外一个误区,该放的不放,该收的不收,进而进退失据;
为跑流程而跑流程,节点过多,效率低下,流程成本(TPC) 不堪重负,流程主人(Process Owner))与职能主人(Function Owner)职责模糊混乱,冲突不断, 内部各流程完全忽略了外部客户的要求与感受,本末倒置。
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