语法填空是近年来推出的一种新题型。这种题型能全面检测学生在英语词汇、语法,甚至是句法上的运用能力,能更科学地反映学生的英语综合水平。本题型分两种情况:一种为已给单词提示,一种为不给单词提示。
此类题可以考查学生对单词形式变化的掌握程度。单词形式变化主要有两种,一是词的形、数、式的变化,一是词的派生变化。在判断出词的变化之后还应该进一步审题,看是否需要使用复合的变化形式,这一点是很重要的。
例: There are many students living at school, the (child) houses are all far from school.由students一词可以判断出横线处应填复数,且作为houses的定语,所以应用其所有格形式,故答案为child的复合变化形式—— 复数的所有格children’s。动词的形式变化比较多,有谓语的变化(时态、语态、语气),有非谓语的变化(不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词)。例: A talk (give) tomorrow is written by Professor Zhang.句中的is written是整句的谓语,所以横线所在的动词应当用作非谓语。从tomorrow可以看出,报告是“将来”作的,故用不定式;且报告是give动作的承受者,故可以判断出横线所在处用give的不定式被动式——to be given。代词形式变化通常是与人称变化有关的三大类五小类,即人称代词(主格和宾格)、物主代词(形容词性和名词性)、反身代词。另外还有几个不定代词的形式变化,如no one / none、other / another等。例: The king decided to see the painter by (he).由介词by可以看出,横线处应填反身代词himself。英语中大部分形容词和表方式的副词都有原级、比较级和最高级的变化。构成比较级和最高级的方式,或通过加后缀一er和est,或在词前加more / less和most / least,且形容词的最高级还要冠以the。例: I am — (tall) than Liu Wen. He is the tallest students in my class.此题后句交代了LiuWen是班上最高的学生,那“我”肯定比他矮,所以不能用taller,只能用表示程度不如的“less tall”。数词的形式变化包括基数词、序数词,或加后缀一teen、ty的变化,甚至还有作分母用的序数词的单复数形式,以及one / two的特殊变化形式 once / twice例: To my three sons I leave my seventeen horses. My eldest son shall take a half, my second son shall take a (three).从上下文连续起来理解,这是一个分马的计划,大儿子分得a half,也就是“一半”或“二分之一”,那么二儿子应该得“三分之一”,所以要填入作分母的序数词“third”才能命中目标。词的派生现象在英语单词中是很常见的,派生现象主要发生在名词、动词、形容词、副词四种词中。这种题型还有可能检测学生对词根、前后缀、派生词的掌握。例: Lious lost his wallet yesterday, so he was very ____ (happiness).在这道题中,学生很容易判断出该用形容词;钱包丢了,人应该是不开心的,所以要再加个前缀un,就成了unhappy。
此类题难度较大,但也是有方法对付的。
根据句中横线前后及整句来判断横线前后是否构成一个固定短语,但有时要对横线前或后的几个单词“视而不见”才能命中答案。例1: The children were playing on the ground, enjoying ____, dirty but happy.从句中的happy可以猜出孩子们是开心的,所以应用enjoy oneself短语,故其答案为themselves。例2: His boss was ____ angry as to fire him.如果“跳过”横线后面的angry,就可以发现这里用到一个关联短语so...as to...,所以,so是正解。从句是此题型最为常见的一个方向,主要检测学生对引导词的掌握程度。例1: He did not done _____ his father had asked him to do.审题可知,横线所在为宾语从句的引导词,此引导词在从旬中充当宾语,且指物,所以是what。例2: Those _____ want to go to the village must sign here.经过观察可以判断横线所在为定语从句的引导词,进一步观察可知先行词为those,且指人,所以只能填入who,在定语从句中做主语。短语动词是以动词为中心的两个或多个词构成的短语,此类短语中往往是动词与介词或副词连用的多些。例1: The US consists ____ fifty states.根据常识可知,美国由50个州组成,故横线处与前一词组合,表示“由......组成”,所以答案是of。例2: Mrs Baker was ill, so her daughter had to ask for leave to take _____ of her.生病需要人照顾,所以答案是care,与前后词构成take care of。短语介词即多个词的组合。起介词作用的短语,如:except for,due to等。例1: Mr Smith took a plane to London ____ of taking a train.此题中说到两种交通工具,所以可以理解此句有“坐……而不是坐……”的意思,故答案为instead,以构成介词短语instead of。例2: Just then, he saw a blackboard in _____ of him.细心观察,可以看出填人front即可构成in front of,此题得解。常用的连词有and,or,but,so,for,while等,常用的关联短语有both…and...,either…or...,neither…nor...,not only…but also...等。例1: Little Wang Jun could not go to school, _____ his family was too poor.此处表示原因,引导的分句其实是一种解释说明,不是必然的因果关系,且前面有逗号隔开,所以填for。例2: ____ Marrie and Jannie like going to the theatre.横线处的词与后面可以构成both and,故答案为Both。冠词只能是在a,an,the之间判断;常用的介词有in,at,on,before,during等,通常考查固定搭配;副词的量还是比较多,如:however,never,yet,much等。例1: Jackie likes to drive at ____ high speed.这里考查的是不定冠词的习惯用法,答案为a,构成at a high speed,“以高速”开车。例2: Old Tom’s granddaughter used to visit him _____ Saturday afternoon.Saturday afternoon是指定的某天下午,所以不用介词in,而用on才是正解。例3: Though Liu Qiang did the same work ____ Zhang Wen did, he got a lower pay ______ Zhang Wen.第一条横线可由前面的the same断出用as,第二条横线则可由lower断出比较意义,故答案为than。例4: It was only one day left, _____, his father had no idea to answer him.观察上下句,可以看出是转折关系,且横线与前后用逗号隔开,排除but,所以答案是however。这一招是最为灵活的,但也是最难的。学生可以根据上下文关系和自己积累的知识,填入某个已出现的词,或其反义词,或其同类的某个词。答案的线索可能在本句,可能出现在上下相连的一句,还可能出现在比较远的地方——上下段中与此段位置大体相当的句子。如果该横线出现在某段的首句,则线索可能在上下段的首句;如果横线出现在某段的末句,则线索可能在上下段的末句,以此类推。例: Tony ____ travelling abroad, but dislikes staying home watching TV.由第二句话中的dislikes可以判断,此横线处应该是填其反义词likes。上述十三条技巧概括了此题型的多数考查方向,能够较大地提高同学们在此题型上的得分率。