摘要 | 威斯康辛大学写作案例：如何撰写摘要？

对于首次接触的文章，人们总会先阅读摘要。所以，摘要是论文的“窗口”。

优秀的摘要不仅让审稿人和编辑快速把握文章的精髓，愿意继续阅读；还可以帮助已发表的文章更容易被其他研究人员找到和引用。

我们为大家整理了威斯康辛大学的案例分享，一起来学习下吧~

摘要的内容

摘要一般包含以下大部分信息：

▲研究背景；研究的一般主题；研究的具体主题。

▲研究主题的核心问题。

▲关于这个问题已经知道了什么，以前的研究做了什么。

▲研究的主要原因、紧迫性、理论基础和目标--为什么解决这些问题很重要？

▲研究的方法。

▲主要发现、结果或论点。

▲发现或论点的重要性或意义。

另外，在摘要中一般不引用参考文献。

摘要的时态

在实际写作过程中，时态也很重要。

一般来说，用过去时描述以前的研究做了什么，作者进行了什么研究，他们遵循的方法，以及他们发现了什么。

用现在时描述研究的原因或依据(还有什么要做)，还有介绍自己的研究（Here we report……)，解释研究的意义（This reprogramming ……provides a scalable cell source for……）。

威斯康辛大学案例

▲非结构化摘要

文章信息：Lalit, Pratik A. et al, Lineage Reprogramming of Fibroblasts into Proliferative Induced Cardiac Progenitor Cells by Defined Factors. Cell Stem Cell, vol. 18, 2016, pp. 354-367.

注：该期刊将文章开头的这一称作段是“Summary”，而不是“Abstract”（叫法不同，但目的相同）。

第一句，声明了研究的主题，总结了已知和未知的问题，并且明确了本研究的目标和要解决的问题：研究人员如何将成纤维细胞重编程为iCPCs？

Several studies have reported reprogramming of fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes; however, reprogramming into proliferative induced cardiac progenitor cells (iCPCs) remains to be accomplished.

接下来，描述了研究人员为实现研究目标而使用的方法，以及对结果的表述。

Here we report thata combination of 11 or 5 cardiac factors along with canonical Wnt and JAK/STAT signaling reprogrammed adult mouse cardiac, lung, and tail tip fibroblasts into iCPCs. The iCPCs were cardiac mesoderm-restricted progenitors that could be expanded extensively while maintaining multipotency to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells in vitro. Moreover, iCPCs injected into the cardiac crescent of mouse embryos differentiated into cardiomyocytes. iCPCs transplanted into the post-myocardial infarction mouse heart improved survival and differentiated into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells.

最后，阐述研究对药物发现、疾病建模、治疗的意义和价值。

Lineage reprogramming of adult somatic cells into iCPCs provides a scalable cell source for drug discovery, disease modeling, and cardiac regenerative therapy.

▲结构化摘要

文章信息：Wald, Ellen R., David Nash, and Jens Eickhoff. Effectiveness of Amoxicillin/Clavulanate Potassium in the Treatment of Acute Bacterial Sinusitis in Children.Pediatrics, vol. 124, no. 1, 2009, pp. 9-15.

这本期刊要求作者将摘要组织成四个具体的部分，并有严格的字数限制,即提交结构化摘要。这种摘要标题、层次比较清楚，因此无需注释，可以直接看案例来学习。

目的部分：

OBJECTIVE: The role of antibiotic therapy in managing acute bacterial sinusitis (ABS) in children is controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of high-dose amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate in the treatment of children diagnosed with ABS.

方法部分：

METHODS: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Children 1 to 10 years of age with a clinical presentation compatible with ABS were eligible for participation. Patients were stratified according to age (<6 or ≥6 years) and clinical severity and randomly assigned to receive either amoxicillin (90 mg/kg) with potassium clavulanate (6.4 mg/kg) or placebo. A symptom survey was performed on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 20, and 30. Patients were examined on day 14. Children’s conditions were rated as cured, improved, or failed according to scoring rules.

结果部分：

RESULTS: Two thousand one hundred thirty-five children with respiratory complaints were screened for enrollment; 139 (6.5%) had ABS. Fifty-eight patients were enrolled, and 56 were randomly assigned. The mean age was 6630 months. Fifty (89%) patients presented with persistent symptoms, and 6 (11%) presented with nonpersistent symptoms. In 24 (43%) children, the illness was classified as mild, whereas in the remaining 32 (57%) children it was severe. Of the 28 children who received the antibiotic, 14 (50%) were cured, 4 (14%) were improved, 4(14%) experienced treatment failure, and 6 (21%) withdrew. Of the 28children who received placebo, 4 (14%) were cured, 5 (18%) improved, and 19 (68%) experienced treatment failure. Children receiving the antibiotic were more likely to be cured (50% vs 14%) and less likely to have treatment failure (14% vs 68%) than children receiving the placebo.

结论部分：

CONCLUSIONS: ABS is a common complication of viral upper respiratory infections. Amoxicillin/potassium clavulanate results in significantly more cures and fewer failures than placebo, according to parental report of time to resolution.

参考资料：

https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/assignments/writing-an-abstract-for-your-research-paper/

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