「NET TALK」精华再现｜称重：控制体重最有效的方法？

讲述值得探索的营养新思维

ICNYSN-NET TALK

Nutrition·Exploring·Thinking

嘉宾简介

David A. Levitsky教授 

康奈尔大学（Cornell University）营养科学分支和心理学系的营养学和心理学教授

Professor of Nutrition and Psychology in the Division of Nutritional Sciences and the Department of Psychology, Cornell University

David A. Levitsky是康奈尔大学（Cornell University）营养科学部和心理学系的营养和心理学教授。1968年在罗格斯大学获得博士学位后，他进入康奈尔大学，担任美国国立卫生研究院博士后研究员。1970年，他被任命为助理教授，并获得了国家卫生研究所颁发的五年新领导奖。David A. Levitsky教授在营养和心理学领域发表了150多篇科技文章，还著有两本著作。他的研究是关于人体体重的控制和食物摄入的决定因素。David A. Levitsky教授在教学方面获得了许多奖项，包括纽约州校长奖、美国营养学会(ASN)颁发的营养卓越教育奖、农业与生命科学学院颁发的埃哲顿职业教学奖。他曾被授予康奈尔大学授予的最高教学奖—斯蒂芬·H·韦斯(Stephen H Weiss)总统研究员。

David A. Levitsky is a Professor of Nutrition and Psychology in the Division of Nutritional Sciences and the Department of Psychology, Cornell University. After receiving his Ph.D. from Rutgers University in 1968, he entered Cornell as National Institute of Health Postdoctoral Fellow. He was appointed Assistant Professor in 1970 and received a five-year New Leadership Award from the National Institute of Health. Professor Levitsky has published more than 150 scientific publications in the fields of Nutrition and Psychology as well as written two books. His research is on the Control of Body Weight and Determinants of Food Intake in humans. Professor Levitsky has won many awards for his teaching including the New York State Chancellors Award for Teaching, the Excellence in Nutrition Education Award by the American Society for Nutrition (ASN), Edgerton Career Teaching Award by the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. He has been honored as a Stephen H Weiss Presidential Fellow, the highest teaching award bestowed by Cornell University.

演讲主题

控制体重最有效的方法？

The Weigh to Control Your Weight: The Only Way

本次讲座的目的是为人类进食行为的经典生物学理论提供另一种解释，并解释为什么每日自我称重是防止与年龄有关的体重增加的最有效方法。抑制与年龄相关的体重增加是我们减少肥胖、糖尿病、高血压、中风、心血管疾病和几种癌症流行的最大心愿。

The purpose of the talk is to provide an alternative explanation to the classical biological theories of human feeding behavior and explain why daily self-weighing is the most effective way to prevent age-related weight gain. Suppressing age-related weight gain is our best hope of reducing the prevalence obesity, diabetes, hypertension, stroke, cardiovascular disease, and several kinds of cancer.

精彩回顾

与年龄有关的体重增加是造成最严重的公共卫生问题的原因之一。 如果我们可以降低体重增加的速度，那么我们可以减少肥胖，糖尿病，动脉粥样硬化和癌症的患病率。

Age-related weight gain is one of the causes of the most serious public health issues. If we can reduce the rate of weight gain, we could reduce the prevalence of obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis and cancer.

首先，我们先来了解下饮食行为是由什么控制的。饮食行为受生物信号控制吗？

First of all, let's understand the control of eating behavior. Is eating behavior controlled by a biological signal?

饮食行为受许多神经化学物质的调节，而这些神经化学物质并没有行为上的特异性。生物学的饮食理论是基于能量平衡的概念。人们认为许多能够协调进食行为的神经回路在解剖学上和功能上都与大脑的奖励回路重叠。这些过程有两个关键系统：稳态进食和享乐性进食，它们都被视为独立的。稳态进食是基本代谢过程和生存所必需的，而享乐性摄食是由感觉知觉或快乐驱动的。尽管存在这种区别，但它们的功能和解剖结构重叠意味着经常会忽略很多交互作用。在这里，我们认为，根据当前数据，控制稳态进食和享乐性进食的神经回路并不是完全可分离的。需要更多的研究来获得更多的行为，以扩展对食物的神经控制的摄食研究。

Eating behavior is modulated by many neurochemicals which are not behaviorally specific. Biological theory of eating is based on the concept of energy homeostasis. Many neural circuits that are thought to orchestrate feeding behavior overlap with brain’s reward circuitry both anatomically and functionally. Manipulation of numerous neural pathways can simultaneously influence food intake and reward. There are two key systems underlying these processes: homeostatic feeding and hedonic feeding, and both of them are treated as independent. Homeostatic feeding is necessary for basic metabolic processes and survival, while hedonic feeding is driven by sensory perception or pleasure. Despite this distinction, their functional and anatomical overlap implies considerable interaction that is often overlooked. Here, we argue that the neurocircuits controlling homeostatic feeding and hedonic feeding are not completely dissociable given the current data. We urge researchers to access behaviors extending food intake investigations of the neural control of feeding. More research is needed to access behaviors to extend the food intake investigations of the neural control of feeding.

以下4个正向食物提示会导致饮食过量。

There are 4 factors associated with positive food priming that cause overeating.

• 看到食物：研究表明，在观看广告的同时吃零食可能会导致消费量增加。

  Seeing food: Studies show that eating snack while watching advertisements could result in more amount consumed.

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• 分量大小：较大的食物份量会让人们吃的更多。

  Portion sizes: Larger portion sizes are associated with higher food consumption.

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• 种类：食物种类也会影响食物的摄入量。 当有更多的食物选择时，人们往往会吃的更多。

  Variety: Food variety will also influence the amount of food intake. Total consumption of food increased when there are more food options.

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• 社会便利化：人们的饮食摄入量与一起吃饭的人数成正相关。

  Social Facilitation: The amount of food consumed is positively associated with the number of people who are eating together.

  

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那还有希望可以停止增加体重吗？答案是有的，Dr. Levitsky介绍了几种负向食物提示。负向食物提示会阻止正向食物提示的影响。研究表明，观看运动视频，讨论健康状况和自我称重是阻止体重增加的负向食物食物素的例子。

Is there any hope to stop gaining weight? The answer is, and Dr. Levitsky introduced the following several negative food primes. Negative food prime blocks the effects of a positive food prime. Studies have shown that watching exercise video, discussing health and self-weighing are examples of negative food prime to stop weight gain.

以下是本次演讲的要点：

Here are the take home messages of the presentation:

• 体重变化是由长时间连续起作用的细微食物引发因素引起的。

  Weight change is caused by subtle food priming factors operating consistently for long periods of time.

• “肥胖病流行”的原因不是生物学原因，而是行为（环境）的原因。

  The cause of the “epidemic of obesity” is not biological, but behavioral (environment).

• 通过每天进行自我称重，可以控制防止与年龄有关的体重增加。

  It is possible to control prevent age-related weight gain by practicing daily self-weighing.

Q& A

1

饮食记录在体重控制方面是否具有与自我称重类似的含义？

Does the dietary record have a similar meaning to self-weighing in terms of weight control？

David A. Levitsky

教授

饮食记录是指保持摄入量的记录。自我称重对于保持体重记录很重要。

A dietary record refers to maintaining a record of intake. With self-weighing is important to keeping a record of your weight.

2

谢谢您的精彩演讲！您说过，长期注射瘦素对肥胖男性的体重没有抑制作用。我想知道瘦素注射会不会导致身体成分的改变？比如降低体内脂肪含量？

Thank you for the great presentation! You said that chronic leptin injection did not suppress body weight in obese men. I am wondering would the body composition change due to leptin injection? Like lowering body fat mass?

David A. Levitsky 

教授

没有证据表明注射瘦素的浓度在体内正常情况下会影响体重或身体成分。

There is no evidence that injecting leptins at concentrations that are normally found in the body affect either body weight or body composition.

3

我想向 Levitsky 博士咨询一些年轻人的饮食建议，比如如何吃东西。年轻人有必要像老年人一样吃得健康吗？如何平衡健康的饮食习惯与日常工作压力或外出参加社会工作？

I'd like to ask Dr. Levitsky for some dietary advice for young people, like how to eat. Is it necessary for young people to eat as healthily as old people? How to balance healthy eating habits with daily work stress or eat out for social work?

David A. Levitsky

教授

一个人应该听从自己的身体来决定吃多少。你的身体有一定的控制，比如不要反复吃同一种食物，只要我们保持适当的食物分量，就可以让我们遵循健康的饮食。压力通常会抑制进食。一两顿饭不吃东西不会要了我们的命。事实上，有充分的证据表明这对我们有好处。

One should listen to one’s body to determine how much to eat. Your body has certain controls such as not eating the same food repeatedly that will allow one to follow a healthy diet as long as we do not succumb to portion sizes. Stress usually inhibits eating. Going without food for a meal or two will not kill us. In fact, there is good evidence that it is good for us.

4

因为我正在研究饮食和学业成绩之间的关系，所以我想知道饮食和教育之间的关系是什么?

Since I'm studying the relationship between diet and academic achievement, I’m wondering what’s the relationship between diet and education.

David A. Levitsky

教授

我们可能会因为饥饿分心，无法集中精力学习。这一方面对学业有一定的影响。但实际上我们只需要适当补充一点食物就能停止饥饿，所以不用进食太多，因为让孩子摄入过多的食物并不能提高他们的学习成绩。

One cannot concentrate if we are distracted with hunger. But it doesn’t take much food to stop our hunger. Feeding children more food than they required does not improve academic achievement.

参考文献

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