跟短语动词一目了然的构造方式不同,其他短语的构造方式灵活多变,经常有人被莫名其妙的短语所困惑,原因是没有把它们当作一个整体来看,若当作一个整体来看时,它们就相当于具备某个或多个词性的单词,那么就可以各司其职了,比如 as a result.
As a result 是一个介词短语,相当于 as a consequnce,那么怎么使用呢?我们可以把它当作与 so,thus,herefore,hence,consequently,accordingly 类似的连接副词来单独使用,意为“结果,因此”,常置于句首,且用逗号与后面的句子隔开,例如:This is turning into a pretty bad snowstorm. As a result, all fights have been canceled.这将演变成一场相当严重的暴风雪。结果,所有的战斗都被取消了。As a result, the bad thing has been turned into a good one.当 as a result 置于句中时,常与 and 连用,而且关于逗号的取舍是公说公有理婆说婆有理,例如:
a. He was late; he didn't catch the bus.b. He was late. He didn't catch the bus.c. He was late; as a result, he didn't catch the bus.d. He was late. As a result, he didn't catch the bus.解析:这三句中的描述都是严谨的表达,没有任何语法错误。e. He was late, as a result, he didn't catch the bus.解析:as a result 作为连接副词,很多人认为它是一个附加的信息,既然是附加的,那么前后用逗号与句子隔开也无可厚非,但是去掉附加信息的句子就变成了逗号连接句了,因此此种写法不严谨。f. He was late and as a result he didn't catch the bus.解析:不用逗号与前后的句子隔开,似乎句子看起来更顺畅;当如果 as a result 是附加的信息的话,那么句子就变成 He was late and he didn't catch the bus,很明显它有点冗余,因为前后句子是同一个主语,应该用 and 连接两个动词组成复合谓语,句子就变成:He was late and didn't catch the bus,但缺少了结果的味道。g. He was late, and as a result, he didn't catch the bus.解析:and 与 as a result 搭配成复合连接副词,用逗号与前后隔开貌似也是情理之中;当如果 as a result 是附加的信息的话,那么句子就可以省略变成 He was late, and, he didn't catch the bus,很明显句子已经支离破碎了。h. He was late, and as a result he didn't catch the bus.
解析:不用逗号把 and as a result 与后面的句子隔开也是连接副词常用的用法,类似于 hence 等副词,例如:
Everyone wanted to bowl, hence everyone wanted to open a bowling alley.当如果 as a result 是附加信息的话,那么句子省略后就变成 He was late, and he didn't catch the bus,这种写法也有缺陷,因为用逗号隔开 and 并列句的前提是前后两个句子的主语不一样,而句中的两句的主语都是 he.i. He was late and, as a result, he didn't catch the bus.解析:若 as a result 是一个附加的信息,那么省略后的句子就变成 He was late and, he didn't catch the bus,“句子流”被切断了。综上所述,个人觉得最严谨且不会造成困惑的表达方式应该是最前面三句 a,b,c 和 d.
As a result of 相当于 because of,是一个复合介词;同理我们可以把它当作一个表原因的介词来使用,后面必须接名词成分,可以置于句首或句末作状语,用来表示由于已经发生的某事产生某种结果,例如:As a result of the accident, he was out of work for three months.As a result of the heavy fog, all flights have been delayed.As a result of the rape of the forests, parts of the country are now short of water.Many seabirds died as a result of the oil spill.Her reputation suffered a mortal blow as a result of the scandal.
三、as a result 和 as a result of
As a result 相当于副词,可以独立使用,多作结果状语;而 as a result of 相当于介词,不能独立使用,后面必须接名词成分才能在句中作状语,多作原因状语。