1. forget to do / forget doing2. besides/ but/ except/ beside/ except for/except that/ but for/ but thatⅠ. besides “除了……还有”指的是“已有……另加上”而 except 和 but “除了……之外没有……”,正好相反。如:① I don’t care for anything besides this.除此之外,我别无所爱。② What have you done this morning, besides reading the paper and watching TV? 除了看报和看电视之外,你今天上午还做了些什么?Ⅱ. beside prep. “在……旁边”意思如其它的大不相同。如:① They are used to taking a walk on the path beside the the river.他们习惯于在河边的小路上散步。Ⅲ. but 作介词用时:“除……之外没有……”与 except 同意。但它着重在整体,且常用在 no, all, nobody, anything, everything, everybody, everywhere 以及 who, whose 等词之后。后常接“名词、代词或不定式,接不定式时,如果其前含有实义动词 do (除作助动词用外)的各种形式,则用动词原形(省略“to”)。如:① He does nothing but laugh. 他只是大笑而已。(前有does,故用动词原形laugh.)② Nobody was late but you. 除你之外,没有人迟到。Ⅳ. except 语气比but强且明显。着重在除去的部分。如:① I like all the fruits except pears. 除了梨外,我喜欢所有的水果。② The dress is quite nice except for the color.除了颜色外,这件衣服很漂亮。Ⅴ. except for “除了……以外”其中for 表示理由或细节,对句子含义起修饰作用。有时可与except 互换。如:① Betty worked out all the problems except for/ except the last one. 除了最后一个问题外,其它的问题贝蒂都解决了。② Except for Sunday, all of us go to school every day. 除了周日外,我们每天都上学。(此处不用except).Ⅵ. except that 用作连词 “除……之外”后接从句。① The Swede stood still except that his lips moved slightly.那瑞典人除了嘴微动外,站着一丝不动。② I know nothing about him except that he lives downstairs.除了他住在楼下这一点外,关于别的我一无所知。Ⅶ. but for “若不是……”,“ 倘若……”常和虚拟语气搭配,其后常跟名词或相当于名词的词。跟代词常用其宾格。① But for you, I should have been late for school. 倘若不是你,我上学就迟到了。Ⅷ. but that “要不是”后接从句。如:But that I saw the elephant, I couldn’t have believed it.要不是亲眼看见大象,我真不能相信。3. give a message/ leave a message / take a messageⅠ. Leave a message.“留下个信儿”打电话的人常用。后与介词for 搭配。构成 leave a message for sb.Ⅱ. take a message “捎个信儿”接电话的人常用.后与介词for 搭配。构成:take a message for sb.Ⅲ. give a message “给某人个信儿”后与to 搭配,构成:give a message to sb. = give sb a message.如:① Can I take a message for him? 我能给他捎个信吗?② Can you leave a message for her? 你能给她留个口信吗?③ I will give a message to her. 我将给她个信儿。4. big/ large/ great/ hugeⅠ. big 和large 所修饰的一般是具体的事物。big 侧重于表示一个物体的块头、重量,含有庞大、笨重的意思,其反义词是little;large 侧重表示一个物体的宽度和数量,有广阔和众多的含义,其反义词是small。 在现代口语中两者常可互换,big 较口语化,large比较正式。如:① This is a big / large room. 这是一个大房间。② This coat is too big for her. 这上衣对她来说太大了。③ China is a large country. 中国是一个幅员辽阔的国家。Ⅱ. big 还可作“长大了的”解,而large没有这个意思。如:① She is big enough to ride a bike. 她长大了,足可以骑自行车了。Ⅲ. great 常表示“伟大的”,可修饰抽象名词,也可修饰具体的人或物,带有一定的感情色彩。有时可能表达说话人的喜悦、赞扬等感情。如:① We are going to visit the People’s Great Hall. 我们打算去参观人民大会堂。② Einstein was a great scientist. 爱因斯坦是位伟大的科学家。③ --How do you like my coat? --Great! 你觉得我这件外衣怎样? 好极了。Ⅳ. huge “巨大的;极大的”,修饰具体事物,指规格数额超常。如:① How did they carry such huge stones? 他们是如何搬运这些巨石的?② The Great Hall of the People is a big building. 人民大会堂是座高大的(指形状高大)建筑物。③ The Great Hall of the People is a large building. 人民大会堂是座巨大的(指容纳人多)建筑物。5. bloom/ flower/ blossomⅠ. bloom 指观赏用的花。如:玫瑰;菊花;牡丹等。Ⅱ. flower 是普通用语。Ⅲ. blossom 指果树上的花。6. boat/ shipⅠ. boat “船、艇,”是普通用语。主要指用浆、篙、帆或引擎的小船、小艇,但有时也指大轮船。如:① We crossed the river by boat. 我们乘船过河。② They pulled the boat up on to the shore.他们把这条船拖上了岸。(指小船)③ When does the boat leave for Shanghai?(指轮船)Ⅱ. ship “船、舰,”多指大的航海船只。如:① The ship is at sea. 船厂在航海。② They went to Guangahou by ship. 他们乘船去广州。7. bold/ brave/ courageousⅠ. bold “大胆的、勇敢的”着重指大胆、勇敢的气质,表现出有胆量、敢闯或敢于对抗而不畏缩。如:① Be bold! 勇敢些!② It’s very bold of us to venture to go to sea. 我们冒险航海是很勇敢的。Ⅱ. brave “勇敢的”, 应用最广泛,通常指在危险、困难或可怕的情况下表现勇猛而畏缩。如:① Be brave! 勇敢些!② It was brave of him to enter the burning building. 他敢进入那燃烧着的房屋,真是勇敢。Ⅲ. courageous “勇敢的,无畏的”表示由于有勇敢的气质或不屈不挠的精神而能无畏地自觉地对付某种事情,常常用于表示道义上的勇敢。如:① He is courageous in telling the truth. 他敢于讲实话。② We hope that they will courageously shoulder their responsibilities and overcome all difficulties.我们希望能够勇敢地负起责任,克服一切困难。8. borrow/ lend /keepⅠ. borrow “借”指从别人那里借来东西(借入)。指“向某人或某处借某事”时,用搭配: Borrow sth from sb / sw.如:① Can I borrow your pen? 可以借用一下的笔吗?② Do you often borrow books from the library? 你经常从图书馆借书吗?Ⅱ. lend “借”指把东西供给别人(借出)。指“把某物借给某人”时用:lend sth to sb. 如:① Can you lend me your pen? 把钢笔供给我好吗?② You mustn’t lend it to others.你一定不要把它供给别人。Ⅲ. keep 表“借多长时间”, 时延续性动词。可用于完成时态。而borrow 和 lend 是短暂性动词。则不能用于完成时态,或与表段时间的状语连用。如:① He has kept the books for two weeks.他借这书两天了。② ---How long can I keep the book? ---Two weeks.9. both/ eachⅠ. both “两个都” 而each则强调“各个”如:① Both of us won a prize. 我们两人共同赢得了一个奖。② Each of us won a prize. 我们每个人都赢得了奖。Ⅱ. both 用作句子主语时,谓语总是复数,如:① Both these books are mine.而each常用单数。但在下列情况下用复数,即它在复数名词或代词之后。如:①They each have beautiful stamps.10. bring/ take/ fetch/ get/ carry都有“拿”的意思,但用法差别很大,切勿混同。Ⅰ. bring“拿来、带来”强调从别处带某人或某物来到说话人所在地。如:The teacher asked the students to bring their dictionaries to the class.Ⅱ. take“拿走、带走”强调人或事物离开说话人所在地,与bring的关系相当于go与come的相对关系。如:May I take this magazine home?Ⅲ. fetch“去取来、去拿来” 指去取了东西又回来这一往返过程,相当于go and bring,但不同于bring,如:Please fetch me some chalk.get 与 fetch意思相似,多用于口语。如:Go and get/ fetch some water.Ⅳ. carry“携带、搬运”强调某物从甲地移至乙地,带有物体随身移动但无固定方向。如:① He carried the box upstairs.另外空气、水、电携带物也用carry.如:① The boat was carried by ocean currents to a small island.这船被大洋的水流飘至一小岛。11. broad/ wide都是“宽”的意思。Ⅰ. broad 指幅面的宽广,侧重表面上的广阔宏大,指人时多形容背、肩、胸等,在较正式或文学性较强的文体中,也可用来描写河流、街道、田野、峡谷等和地形有关的其它东西。如:The road is 8 metres broad.Ⅱ. wide 指一边到另一边的空间距离,侧重两端之间距离的宽大,指人时多形容眼睛、口等。如:This skirt is too wide.broad 和wide 的反义词都是narrow.[语法]:度量表示法:“数词+名词(量)+wide (broad)/ long长/ thick厚/ deep深/ high高/ tall 身高/ around周长”12. build/ found/ put up/ set upⅠ. build “建筑、建造”指施工建筑,如房屋、桥梁、道路等的建造,也可用于广义。如:We are building socialism with China’s style. 我们正在建设具有中国特色的社会主义。Ⅱ. found “创立、成立、创办”批创立一个组织、机构、国家等。如:① They founded (=built) a school for the blind. 他们创办了一亿盲人学校。② The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949. 中华人民共和国成立于是1949年。Ⅲ. put up 和set up 人含义很多,但他们在表示“搭起、竖起、挂起”以及表建筑物“建起”的意思时,可以通用。只不过 put up 比set up 要常见些。如:① The boys put up (set up) their tents in the woods. 孩子们在树林里搭起了帐篷。② They have put up (set up) several cattle sheds for the team. 他们为队里建造了几个牛棚。但set up 在表示“建起、成立”某一机构团体时,不能用 put up 替换。如:The factory set up a night school last month. 这个工厂上月成立了一所夜校。13. but/ howeverⅠ. 都有“然而,但是”的意思。However 比较正式,可以放在句首、句中或句尾;其前面或后面要加逗号隔开,如在句中,其前后都要加逗号,不能与but 连用;而 but 只放在句首。如:① I’d like to go swimming with you, but I have to tidy the garden now.我很想和你去游泳,但是我现在必须整理花园。② It’s raining hard, however, they’re still working in the field. 雨下得很大,然而他们仍然在地里干活。③ Later, however, she decided to buy it. 可是后来她决定去买下它。④ He said it was so, he was mistaken, however.14. crowd / group / teamⅠ. group “小组、团体”,与 team 是同义词。指因任何目的或原因而聚集在一起所形成的群体。搭配范围较广;team 指工作、行为或游戏时在一起的群体,尤指体育比赛的“队”, 搭配范围较窄。如:① a study group 学习小组a discussion group 讨论小组② a basketball team 篮球队a medical team 医疗队Ⅱ. group 指“人群”时,与 crowd 同义。group 所指人数可多可少,但常指“较小”的人群, 且表示有组织有秩序的一群人;crowd有“密集”“拥挤”的含义,通常指未经组织、人数众多的人群。15. by oneself/ for oneself/ to oneself/ of oneself这五个介词短语均属“介词+反身代词”结构,但意义各不相同:Ⅰ. by oneself“单独地;独立地”(=without help, alone).如:Did you do this by yourself or did someone help you?是你自己做的,还是别人帮你做的?Ⅱ. “本身;本身的性质”如:① Diamond is hard in itself. 钻石本来是硬的。Ⅲ. for oneself “为自己(的利益而做某事);独自地(与by oneself 同义)”。如:② He has built a house for himself. 他为自己建造了一幢房子。③ You must find it out for yourself. 你必须自己把它找出来。Ⅳ. of oneself “自然而然地;自动地”为不及物动词。如:④ The fire died of oneself. 火自己熄灭了。Ⅴ. to oneself“默默地”“暗自”,常与talk , say, think等动词连用。如;⑤ He said to himself that there was something wrong. 他想这其中有毛病。[注意]:say to oneself “在心里想”,talk/ speak to oneself“自言自语”两者不可混淆。16. by train/ on (in) a the train二者都有“乘车”之意。当使用介词by表方式时,其后交通工具名词前不用冠词。或其它任何表限定的修饰词,如形容词性物主代词,批示代词等。反之则用介词in (较小的工具如car等);on (较大的交通工具,如train等)。如:on the bus, in his car.17. by/ at/ the end of ; in/ to/ on the endⅠ. by the end of “在……末以前”“到……末为止”后一般接时间名词。如年、月、周等。也可接表活动的名词,如strike.Ⅱ. at the end of “在……的尽头”,“在……的末端”如:① At the end of the book there is an index. 书后附有索引。② We shall have an exam at the end of the month. 本月末我们将有次考试。Ⅲ. in the end “最终;终于”,后不接of 短语。如:I hope everything will turn out all right in the end. 我希望最终一切都顺利。18. by/ near都有“靠近”的意思。Ⅰ. by“就在… …旁边”,表示距离更近。如:① We live by the sea.(暗示我们可以看见大海)② We live near the sea.(也许我们离海边还有几里远)Ⅱ. near表示的距离稍远些。见上例。19. by/ tillⅠ. by“到… …之前”“不迟于”仅指动作发生在限定时间之内或到某一时间为止。如:① Can you repair my watch by Friday? 你能在星期五之前把表修好吗?(句中时间最迟到星期五,动词可以是瞬间的,也可以是持续的)Ⅱ. till/until “直到”强调动作的持续状态,直到将来的某一时刻为止。如:I shall go on working till/ until next Monday.(此种情况只能用于肯定句中动词必须是延续的)当 until 与 not 连用时,意为“直到… …才”,主句谓语动词必须是非延续性的。如:I don’t go to bed until/ till you come.20. call on/ visit/ go to see/ drop inⅠ.四者都有“访问”的意思,但是vist较为正式,可用于访问人,也可用于访问地方。如:I visited my aunt in Bejing in the summer holidays. 暑假我探望了在北京的姨妈。Ⅱ. call on有时可代替visit,但只限于人。访问某地方则用call at。如:We called on Prefessor Liu a few days ago.前几天我们拜访了刘教授。Ⅲ. go to see为普通用语,一般用于人。如:Tom is ill. Let’s go to see him after school.汤姆病了,我们放学后去看他吧。Ⅳ. drop in特指顺路探访,多用于口语。如:Would you like to drop in and have a cup of tea? 你顺便来喝杯茶,好吗?