西藏獒犬FCI国际纯种犬标准

注：该标准中文版翻译自FCI国际纯种犬标准英文版，已发布于CKU官网-犬种百科

24.06.2015 / EN

FCI-国际纯种犬标准第 230 号

DO-KHYI(Tibetan Mastiff）

西藏獒犬

本图片来自AKC官网

不一定代表该犬种的理想例子

ORIGIN:  Tibet (China).

起源：西藏（中国）

Date of acceptance on a definitive basis by the FCI: 8/22/1961

FCI正式认可日期：1961年8月22日

DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE OFFICIAL VALID STANDARD: 18.03.2015

正式生效标准发布日期：2015年3月18日

UTILIZATION: A companion, watch and guard dog.

用途：伴侣、看守及护卫犬

FCI-CLASSIFICATION:

Group 2 Pinscher and Schnauzer- Molossoid breeds- Swiss Mountain and Cattle Dogs.

Section 2.2 Molossoid breeds, Mountain type.

Without working trial.

FCI分组：

第二组 宾莎和雪纳瑞-獒犬-瑞士山地犬和牧牛犬

第二类 獒犬类

无需工作犬测试

BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY:

The Tibetan Mastiff (Do Khyi) is an ancient working breed of the nomad herders of the Himalaya and a traditional guardian of the Tibetan monasteries. It has been surrounded by great myth since its first discovery in antiquity. From the mentioning by Aristoteles (384-322 b.C.) to the famous writings of Marco Polo, who went to Asia in 1271, all historical reports praise the natural strength and impressiveness of the Tibetan Mastiff- both physically and mentally. Even its bark has been described as a unique and highly treasured feature of the breed. Leading European cynologists of the past, like Martin and Youatt, Megnin, Beckmann, Siber as well as Strebel and Bylandt have intensively covered the Tibetan Mastiff, as they had been fascinated by its origin and function in the Tibetan culture. Some even considered the breed to be the very forefather of all large mountain and mastiff breeds. One of the first known Tibetan Mastiffs to reach Western shores was a male sent to Queen Victoria by Lord Hardinge (then Viceroy of India) in 1847. Later in the 1880s, Edward VII (then Prince of Wales) took two dogs back to England. An early recorded litter of Tibetan Mastiffs was born in 1898 in the Berlin Zoo.

历史沿革：

西藏獒犬是喜玛拉雅山的游牧民族的一种古老的工作犬种，也是西藏僧侣常用的护卫犬。自其第一次在古代被发现，便有许多关于它们的神秘故事。从亚里士多德（384-322BC）的记载到著名的马可波罗游记——马可波罗1271年到过亚洲，几乎所有的历史记录都对藏獒在体形和精神方面表现出的自然力量和令人难忘的形象给予赞扬。其吠声一直被描述成该犬种特有的、非常宝贵的特征。

欧洲古代著名的犬类学家如马丁和约阿特、迈格尼、贝克曼、西伯以及斯特位贝尔和百兰特都曾对藏獒予以重点强调，原因是他们为这种犬的起源和在西藏文化中的作用所吸引。甚至有人认为这种犬是所有大型山地犬和马斯提夫品种犬的祖先。

第一只到达西方国家的藏獒，是英国哈丁勋爵（当时的印度总督）于1847年送给英皇维多利来女王的一只公犬。随后在19世纪80年代，爱德华七世（当时的威尔士亲王）将两只藏獒带回英格兰。最早记录的藏獒幼崽于1898年出生在柏林动物园。

GENERAL APPEARANCE:

Powerful, heavy, well built, with good bone. Impressive; of solemn and earnest appearance. Combines majestic strength, robustness and endurance; fit to work in all climate conditions. Slow to mature, only reaching its best at 2-3 years in females and at least 4 years in males.

整体外貌：

有力、沉重、体格强壮、骨骼结实。外观庄严、热切、动人。是力量、结实和耐力的完美结合；适合于在各类气候条件下工作。成长慢，达到真正成熟期母犬需要2-3年，公犬则需要4年。

IMPORTANT PROPORTIONS:

  • Skull measured from occiput to stop equal to muzzle from stop to end of nose but muzzle may be a little shorter.

  • Body slightly longer than height at withers.

重要比例：

  • 自枕骨到到额段测量出的头骨长度等于自额段到鼻末端测量出的口吻长度，但是口吻可能会稍短。

  • 体长比肩高略长。

BEHAVIOUR/TEMPERAMENT:

Independent. Protective. Commands respect. Most loyal to his family and territory.

行为/秉性：

独立。保护性强。服从命令。对自己的主人和领地极为忠诚。

HEAD: 头部

Broad, heavy and strong. In adults a wrinkle may extend from above the eyes down to the corner of mouth.

宽、重且强壮。成犬自眼上部向下到嘴角会有一条褶皱。

CRANIAL REGION: 颅部区域

Skull: Large, very slightly rounded, with strongly pronounced occiput.

头骨：大，稍圆，枕骨非常突出。

Stop: Well defined.

额段：明显。

FACIAL REGION: 面部区域

Nose: Broad, as dark as possible depending on coat colour, well opened nostrils.

鼻：宽，与被毛颜色相协调，颜色尽可能地深，鼻孔开阔。

Muzzle: Fairly broad, well filled and deep. End of muzzle square.

口吻：很宽，饱满且深。末端成方形。

Lips: Well developed and covering the underjaw.

嘴唇：发育良好，覆盖住了下颌。

Jaws/Teeth: Jaws strong with perfect, regular and complete scissor bite, i.e. upper incisors closely overlapping the lower incisors and set square to the jaws. Level bite acceptable. Dentition fits tightly.

颌/齿：颌强壮，并成完美、整齐、完全的剪咬合，即上门牙紧叩下门牙并在颌部形成方形。平咬合也可以。牙齿紧密。

Eyes: Medium size, any shade of brown and in accordance with coat colour, the darker the better. Set well apart, oval and slightly slanting. Eyelids tightly fitting the eyeball. Expression of dignity.

眼睛：中等大小，任何色度的褐色皆可，同时要与被毛颜色相一致，越深越好。间距远，椭圆形，略斜。眼睑紧贴眼球。表情高贵。

Ears: Medium size, triangular, pendant, set between the level of the skull and the eye, dropping forward and hanging close to head; carried forward when alert. Ear leathers covered with soft, short hair.

耳朵：中等大小，三角形，垂耳，介于眼和头骨的平面之间，向前下垂，接近头部；警觉时会向前举起。耳下垂部分覆盖有柔软且短的毛。

NECK: Strong, well muscled, arched. Not too much dewlap. Covered by thick upstanding mane, not so pronounced in bitches.

颈部：强壮，肌肉发达，拱起。喉部的垂肉不多。覆盖有浓密直立的鬃毛，但母犬不是很明显。

BODY: 躯干

Strong.

强壮。

Back: Straight, muscular.

背：直，肌肉发达。

Croup: Broad and rather flat.

臀：宽，相当平。

Chest: Rather deep, of moderate breadth, with good spring of rib, to give heart-shaped ribcage. Brisket reaching to below elbows.

胸：较深，宽度适当。肋骨扩张良好，从而形成心形胸腔。胸延伸到肘下。

TAIL: Medium length. Set high on line with top of back, carried high, loosely curled over back, when dog alert or in motion; well feathered.

尾：中等长度，位置高，与背顶在同一条线上，在犬警觉或集中注意力时会高举、松散卷曲过背；饰毛丰富。

LIMBS: 四肢

FOREQUARTERS: 前躯

General appearance : Straight, well angulated, well covered all over with strong hair.

整体外观：直，角度自然，覆盖有丰富的被毛。

Shoulder : Well laid, muscular.

肩：自然倾斜，肌肉发达。

Elbows : Neither turned in nor out.

肘：不外翻也不内翻。

Forearms : Straight. Strong bone.

前臂：直。骨骼结实。

Metacarpus (Pastern):  Strong, slightly sloping.

掌骨（系部）：强壮，略斜。

LIMBS: 四肢

HINDQUARTERS: 后躯

General appearance : Powerful, muscular, with good angulation. Seen from behind, hindlegs parallel.

整体外观：有力，肌肉发达，角度佳。自后面看，两后腿平行。

Upper thigh : Rather long; strong, with good hard muscles, but not bulging.

大腿：较长；强壮，带有硬实的肌肉，但不鼓起。

Stifle (Knee): Well bent.

后膝关节: 自然弯曲。

Hock : Strong, low set.

飞节：强壮，位置低。

Dewclaws optional.

狼爪可有可无。

FEET : Fairly large, strong, round and compact, with good feathering between well-arched toes.

足：较大，强壮，圆且紧凑，拱起的脚趾间饰毛丰富。

GAIT/MOVEMENT:

Powerful, but always light and elastic: with good reach and drive. When speed increases tends to single track. When walking appears very deliberate. Capable of functioning over a varied terrain with stamina and suppleness.

步态/动态：

有力，但通常轻快有弹性：伸展和驱动良好。加速时会踩直线。走动时会显示出很谨慎。耐力久、灵活性强，因此能够在各种地形中工作。

COAT: 被毛

Hair:  Quality of greater importance than quantity. Coat harsh, thick, top coat not too long, with dense and rather wolly undercoat in cold weather which becomes rather sparse in warmer months. Males carry noticeably more coat than females. Hair fine but harsh, straight and off-standing. Never silky, curly or wavy. Neck and shoulders heavily coated, giving mane-like appearance. Tail bushy and well feathered; hindlegs well feathered on upper rear parts.

毛质：质量比数量更为重要。被毛粗、厚，上层被毛不是很长，冬天有密而卷曲的底毛，但其在热季会很稀疏。公犬被毛明显比母犬多。被毛佳，但应硬，直，挺。被毛不成丝状，不卷曲或成波状。颈和肩被毛厚，外观如鬃毛。尾部被毛茂密，饰毛丰富；后腿上部后侧饰毛丰富。

Colour: Rich black, with or without tan marking; blue, with or without tan markings; gold, from rich fawn to deep red, sable. All colours to be as pure as possible. Tan ranges from a rich chestnut to a lighter colour. White star on breast permissible. Minimal white markings on feet acceptable. Tan markings appear above eyes, on lower part of legs and underside of tail. Tan markings on muzzle; spectacle markings tolerated around eyes.

毛色: 乌黑，有或者无棕褐色斑点；蓝色，有或者无棕褐色斑点；金色，从浅黄褐色至深红色。所有颜色要尽可能为纯色。棕褐色的范围从栗色到淡色。胸部可以有白点。脚上的白色斑纹要尽可能地小。眼上部、腿较低部位以及尾下侧可以有棕褐色斑纹。口吻上可有棕褐色斑纹；眼周围可以有斑纹。

SIZE: 尺寸

Height at the withers:

Dogs : 66 cm (26 ins) minimum,.

Bitches : 61 cm (24 ins) minimum.

肩高：

公犬：不低于66厘米（26英寸），

母犬：不低于61厘米（24英寸）。

FAULTS: 缺陷

Any departure from the foregoing points should be considered a fault and the seriousness with which the fault should be regarded should be in exact proportion to its degree and its effect upon the health and welfare of the dog.

任何与上述各点的背离均视为缺陷，其缺陷严重性严格地与其缺陷的程度及其对犬的健康和福利的影响成比例。

SEVERE FAULTS: 严重缺陷

  • Lacking physical condition and fitness.

  • Head light or heavily wrinkled.

  • Pendulous flews.

  • Pronounced dewlap.

  • Large and/or low set ears.

  • Light eyes or staring expression.

  • Weak pigmentation, particularly of nose.

  • Barrelled ribs.

  • Tightly curled tail over hips.

  • Over angulated or straight hindquarters.

  • Heavy constrained movement.

  • Under minimum height, tolerance 2 cm.

  • 体格结构和健康有所欠缺。

  • 头太轻或皱纹严重。

  • 上嘴唇垂肉明显。

  • 喉部垂肉明显。

  • 耳朵大和（或）位置低。

  • 浅色眼睛或目光呆滞。

  • 着色差，特别是鼻镜。

  • 桶状胸腔。

  • 尾巴紧卷于臀以上。

  • 后躯角度过大或太直。

  • 运动受限、沉重。

  • 低于最低肩高2厘米以上。

ELIMINATING FAULTS: 失格缺陷

  • Aggressive or overly shy.

  • Any dog clearly showing physical or behavioural abnormalities shall be disqualified.

  • Undershot or overshot mouth.

  • All other colours than above mentioned e.g. white, cream, grey, brown (liver), lilac, brindle, particolours.

  • 有攻击性或过于羞怯。

  • 身体明显畸形或行为明显失常均视为失格。

  • 下颚或上颚突出。

  • 除上述提及颜色之外的其它颜色，如白色、乳白色、灰色，褐色（赤褐色）、淡紫色、虎斑色、杂色。

N.B.：

  • Male animals should have two apparently normal testicles fullydescended into the scrotum.

  • Only functionally and clinically healthy dogs, with breed typicalconformation, should be used for breeding.

注：

  • 公犬具备两个明显正常且完全置于阴囊的睾丸

  • 只有身体机能以及临床表现健康的，具备典型犬种结构的犬只，才可用于繁殖。

▲ 犬只各部位名称（FCI标准通用）

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