JIA 专题 | 水稻高质高效施肥
李刚华
南京农业大学
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杂交组合的产量和氮素利用率与恢复系密切相关,因此,对高产氮高效型恢复系的农艺性状进行评价是十分必要的。然而,目前尚不清楚哪些骨干恢复系是高产氮高效型,它们的共同农艺性状也尚未被鉴定,在本研究中,我们旨在解决这个问题。我们在3个施氮量下实施了2个大田试验,从15个籼型恢复系中筛选出了5个高产氮高效型恢复系,并研究了不同产量和不同氮素利用率类型恢复系的产量、氮素利用率和养分转运情况。结果表明,产量和地上部总吸氮量随施氮量的增加而增加,而氮素稻谷生产效率随施氮量的增加而降低。高产氮高效型恢复系的每穗粒数较多,单穗重较高;而每穗粒数和单穗重均与产量和氮素利用率呈显著正相关;因此,较大的库容量可能有利于产量和氮素利用率的提高。我们进一步研究了高产氮高效型恢复系与低产氮低效型恢复系在养分向穗部转运方面的差异,发现与低产氮低效型恢复系相比,高产氮高效型恢复系在成熟期其穗部有更高的吸氮量和干物质量占比,在抽穗后有较高的单茎根系伤流强度和穗颈伤流强度,且其穗颈节和叶片维管束发达,有利于养分从根到地上部、从茎和叶到穗部的运输。因此,高产氮高效型恢复系的大库容量优势体现在养分在穗部的积累和分配较多,以及养分在运输通道上的畅通。
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Ratoon rice cropping is an important component of the rice cropping system in Texas and south Louisiana, USA, and expanded to Asian countries in 1970. Two field studies were conducted with widely planted rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars at Eagle Lake, Texas, USA to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) management in main (first) crop (MC) and ratoon (second) crop (RC) on RC yield. In 2012 and 2013, one cultivar (Presidio) was adopted to determine the effects of RC N management on ratoon yield and head rice yield. In 2016 and 2017, CL153, CL163 and CL272 in addition to Presidio were adopted to examine the effect of MC N management on ratoon yield and head rice yield. N applied at preflood after MC harvest considerably improved RC yield. Application of 99 kg N ha–1 at preflood after MC harvest was practically adequate for RC regrowth, development and approaching the yield potential for Presidio. RC could produce quite high average grain yields of 5.90 to 6.53 t ha–1 in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Main crop N rate only significantly affected MC yield; however, given N applied of 99 kg ha–1 at preflood after MC harvest, ratoon yield was not significantly affected by MC N rate. Neither the main nor ratoon crop N management had a significant effect on RC head rice yield. Considerable RC head rice yields (55–65%) were observed in all of the four cultivars and 4 years except for CL272 in 2016. These results indicat that without very high N fertilizer application, rice ratoon crop could produce a considerable grain yield and an expectative head rice yield. Rice ratooning could be a practical way to increase rice yields with the minimal input in south Texas and regions with a similar climate.
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氮素是水稻取得高产的重要因素之一。除高产外,优质已成为当前水稻生产的又一迫切要求。灌浆期是水稻产量和品质形成的关键时期。而氮素对籼稻籽粒灌浆特性的影响及其与稻米品质的关系仍不清楚。通过大田栽培试验,研究了施氮条件下籽粒灌浆的关键特性与稻米研磨品质、外观品质和蒸煮食味品质的变化。结果表明,施氮延长了强、弱势粒灌浆的持续时间。弱势粒的平均灌浆速率(Gmean)和最大灌浆速率(Gmax)与垩白粒率、垩白度和直链淀粉含量呈正相关关系。弱势粒达到最大灌浆速率的时间(Tmax G)与糙米率、精米率和整精米率呈正相关关系。垩白粒率、垩白度与最高黏度、崩解值呈负相关关系。2016年和2017年两优培九和Y两优2号两个品种均在施氮后出现直链淀粉含量下降,粗蛋白含量增加。相关性分析说明,直链淀粉含量较低的Y两优2号蒸煮食味品质较好,可能是其弱势粒的最大灌浆速率(Gmax)和平均灌浆速率(Gmean)高于两优培九所引起的。施氮后弱势籽粒灌浆时间的延长和达到最大灌浆速率时粒重的增加可以提高中籼稻的碾磨品质、外观品质和蒸煮食味品质。
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以优质丰产杂交中籼稻徽两优898和Y两优900为试验材料开展田间小区试验,钵苗机插条件下设置5个施氮量处理 (0、75、150、225、300 kg ha-1),利用不同生育时期水稻地上部干物质量累积和植株氮浓度构建钵苗机插杂交籼稻临界氮浓度稀释曲线,利用该曲线计算NNI和Nand诊断氮素营养状况,进而探究NNI 与Nand和相对产量(RY)的关系。施氮处理显著增加钵苗机插杂交籼稻地上部生物量和植株氮浓度(P<0.05),钵苗机插杂交籼稻临界氮浓度(Nc)与地上部生物量(DM)之间符合幂函数曲线Nc=4.02DM-0.42(R2=0.97),模型RMSE 和n-RMSE 分别为0.23、10.61%,表明模型具有较好的准确性和稳定性。整个生育期内植株NNI 值范围为0.58~1.31,与之对应的Nand值为-55~109 kg ha-1。各生育时期NNI与Nand的存在显著线性模型关系(0.53<R2<0.99,P<0.01),而NNI与RY间满足线性平台模型关系(0.73<R2<0.92,P<0.01)。本研究构建模型可用于诊断钵苗机插杂交籼稻氮素营养状况,为定量氮肥管理提供依据。
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YAO Bo, HE Hai-bing, XU Hao-cong, ZHU Tie-zhong, LIU Tao, KE Jian, YOU Cui-cui, ZHU De-quan, WU Li-quan. 2021. Determining nitrogen status and quantifying nitrogen fertilizer requirement using a critical nitrogen dilution curve for hybrid indica rice under mechanical pot-seedling transplanting pattern. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(6): 1474–1486. |
测深施氮对提高水稻产量和氮肥利用效率具有重要作用。然而测深施肥条件下,减少施氮次数和减少施氮量对水稻产量及氮素吸收利用影响的研究较少。本研究在测深施条件下,于2018和2019年分别设置了减少施氮次数(RTN)和减少施氮量(RNR)试验,测定了水稻产量及其构成因素、SPAD值、叶面积指数、干物质积累、氮素积累、氮肥利用效率相关指标,比较了各处理间上述指标的差异。结果发现相同施氮量条件下, RTN3 (70%基肥侧深施+30%穗肥)处理下南粳9108和南粳5718产量比常规施肥分别提高了9.64%和10.18%。品种和处理间SPAD值、LAI指数、干物质积累差异达到极显著水平。在2018和2019年,抽穗期氮素积累最高的为RTN3,其平均氮素积累量为11.33×10-2 t hm-2。相同施氮量下RTN3氮肥农学利用率、氮肥生理利用率、氮肥吸收利用率分别比其余处理提高了8.1%-21.28%、8.51%-41.76%、0.28%-14.52%。随着施氮量的降低,RNR各处理的SPAD、LAI、干物质积累、氮效率相关指标显著降低。侧深施肥下,减少氮肥施用次数和减少施氮量均可以使水稻高产高效,本研究将为测深施肥条件下水稻精确定量施肥提供重要的参考依据。
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ZHAO Can, HUANG Heng, QIAN Zi-hui, JIANG Heng-xin, LIU Guang-ming, XU Ke, HU Ya-jie, DAI Qi-gen, HUO Zhong-yang. 2021. Effect of side deep placement of nitrogen on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of single season late japonica rice. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(6): 1487–1502. |
Effects of different types of slow- and controlled-release fertilizers on rice yield
不同类型缓控释肥对水稻产量的影响
✺ WU Qiong, WANG Yu-hui, DING Yan-feng, TAO Wei-ke, GAO Shen, LI Quan-xin, LI Wei-wei, LIU Zheng-hui, LI Gang-hua
本试验探讨了7种不同类型缓控释肥一次性施用对水稻产量及群体特征的影响。在研究肥料氮素(N)释放特征的基础上,于2018和2019年进行盆栽试验,以常规分次施肥(CK,基穗比为1:1)为对照,对水稻叶片SPAD值、产量及其构成、茎蘖动态和干物质积累进行研究。结果表明:不同类型缓控释肥的氮素释放特征差异显著。树脂包衣尿素(PCU)表现为控释模式,整个生育期持续释放氮素;硫包衣尿素(SCU)表现为缓释模式,中后期氮素释放不足;脲酶抑制剂尿素(AHA)和脲甲醛(UF)表现为速释模式,前期爆发性释放,中后期无释放,但其供肥能力可持续到抽穗期。PCU延缓了高峰苗期,与CK相比,干物质积累、叶片SPAD值无显著差异,同时由于整个生育阶段氮素的持续释放,每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重增加,从而提高水稻产量;SCU由于后期氮供应不足,总颖花量低,水稻产量降低,但差异不显著;AHA和UF易受环境因素的影响,对产量的影响不一致。本试验结果表明,在盆栽等量施氮条件下,供肥能力强、有效持续时间长的肥料类型更有利于水稻后期干物质积累,提高产量。
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WU Qiong, WANG Yu-hui, DING Yan-feng, TAO Wei-ke, GAO Shen, LI Quan-xin, LI Wei-wei, LIU Zheng-hui, LI Gang-hua. 2021. Effects of different types of slow- and controlled-release fertilizers on rice yield. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20(6): 1503–1514. |