催化剂激活、去活性和中毒的基本情况和机制

Activation, Deactivation, and Poisoning of Catalysts deals with the circumstances and mechanisms underlying catalyst activation, deactivation, and poisoning. The emphasis is on the techniques for handling deactivating systems, not on results per se. Deactivation by fouling and sintering is given consideration. This book is organized into three sections and consists of 12 chapters. The first part is devoted to a systematic development of the manner in which catalysts are activated, deactivated, poisoned, and in some cases reactivated on a microscopic basis. The first chapter explains the concept of the active center as utilized in catalysis, along with catalyst regeneration, rejuvenation, and detoxification. In the second part, the reader is introduced to the problem of heat transfer as well as the transport of reactants and products in the interior of the particle coupled with chemical reaction therein. The macroscopic deactivation behavior of the catalyst particle is described in terms of fundamental kinetic deactivation phenomena and of parameters governing heat and mass transfer. The last part is primarily concerned with a collection of catalyst particles within the reactor, with emphasis on the global activity of the reactor. In the last chapter, a pragmatic approach is presented to predict the design and performance of chemical reactors containing a deactivating catalyst. This book is written for catalytic chemists, researchers, reactor designers, and students interested in catalyst activation, deactivation, and poisoning.

催化剂的激活、去活性和中毒处理

催化剂激活、去活性和中毒的基本情况和机制。重点是处理停用系统的技术，而不是结果本身。考虑通过结垢和烧结进行停用。这本书分为三个部分，由12章组成。第一部分致力于系统开发催化剂的激活、灭活、中毒，在某些情况下在微观基础上重新激活的方式。第一章解释了在催化中利用的活性中心的概念，以及催化剂的再生、再生和排毒。第二部分，介绍了热传递问题，以及粒子内部反应物和产品的输送以及其中化学反应。催化剂颗粒的宏观失活行为从基本动力学失活现象和热和传质量参数的角度进行描述。最后一部分主要涉及反应堆内的催化剂颗粒集合，重点是反应堆的全球活动。最后一章提出了一种实用的方法，用于预测含有失活催化剂的化学反应器的设计和性能。这本书是为催化化学家、研究人员、反应器设计师和对催化剂活化、停用和中毒感兴趣的学生编写的。

Introduction to Deactivation of Catalytic Surfaces: Microscopic Processes

Author links open overlay panelJohn B.Butt

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, EVANSTON, ILLINOIS

Author links open overlay panel    Eugene E.Petersen

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA

Available online 2 Decembe

PARTIDeactivation of Catalytic Surfaces:Microscopic ProcessesThe kinetics of catalytic reactions conducted on surfaces (heterogeneous)differ from rates of many homogeneous reactions in that they tend todecrease with chronological time under otherwise steady-state conditions.Such variations, thus, cannot be explained by changes in reactant concentrations or reaction temperature and are reflective of a decrease in the intrinsicactivity of the catalytic surface. Changes in intrinsic activity are normallycaused by chemical or physical processes occurring simultaneously withthe main reaction, and the identification of these processes at the microscopiclevel will be central to later efforts to understand such phenomena in thelarger scale of chemical reaction engineering applications.Any process, physical or chemical, which decreases the activity of acatalytic surface we shall term deactivation. In Chapter 1 we describe varioustypes of deactivation phenomena and how they may reasonably be classified.However, in a foreword it is appropriate to remark that one of the moredifficult things in applied catalysis is to define a useful and representativemeasure of activity. Some comparison of various states of the same catalystis normally required to identify deactivation, but many different measureshave been employed in the literature. If we were to identify some of thesein an order roughly increasing in the amount of fundamental informationprovided, a typical list might be：(a) Temperature required for a given conversion.(b) Conversion attained at set temperature and space velocity.(c) Space velocity required for a set conversion at fixed temperature.(d) Reaction rate under differential conversion conditions, either perunit weight, per unit surface area, or per surface active site (turnoverfrequency).(e) Rate constants and adsorption parameters determined from extensivekinetic studies.

催化表面的去活性：

微观过程

在表面进行的催化反应动力学（异质）不同于许多同质反应的速率，因为他们倾向于在保持稳定条件下，时间顺序会缩短。因此，这种变化不能用反应物浓度或反应温度的变化来解释，而反映了内在反应物的减少。催化表面的活动。内在活动的变化通常是由化学或物理过程同时发生而引起的主要反应，并在微观上识别这些过程水平将是中心，以了解这种现象在以后的努力

更大规模的化学反应工程应用。任何过程，物理或化学，减少催化表面，我们将术语停用。在第 1 章中，我们描述了各种停用现象的类型，以及如何合理分类。然而，在前言，这是适当的评论，一个更困难的事情在应用催化是定义一个有用和有代表性活动量度。同一催化剂的各种状态的比较通常需要识别停用，但许多不同的措施已被雇用在文学。如果我们确定其中一些

在基本信息量中大致增加的顺序提供的典型列表可能是：

（a） 给定转换所需的温度。

（b） 以设定的温度和空间速度实现的转换。

（c） 在固定温度下进行固定转换所需的空间速度。

（d） 差异转换条件下的反应率，无论是单位重量、单位表面积或每个曲面活动站点（营业额

频率）。

（e） 从广泛确定的利率常数和吸附参数动力学研究。

Most of these measures pertain to laboratory investigation and the resultingdata; yet intercomparison among them is fraught with danger and differentconclusions regarding activity may be arrived at using different norms forthe "measurement" of activity.Further, it must be realized that in many important cases the influenceof deactivation on activity alone may not be of prime importance; the mostimportant example of this is the case where there is more than one pathwayfor the main reaction and a particular product selectivity must be maintained.Here, a measure of the effect of deactivation might be more soundly basedon product selectivity than on overall activity.In either event—activity or selectivity determination—it is important toremember that the various measures are not equivalent, and whether weare attempting to make sense of literature data or devise a suitable measurefor our own data, caution and (above all) consistency are always appropriate.Keep in mind that the measures described here refer only to the characterization of activity for a given state of the catalyst. Other measures have beendevised to determine the rates of deactivation in various instances; this willbe discussed in a later section.

这些措施大部分与实验室调查和结果有关。数据;但相互竞争， 他们之间充满了危险和不同

有关活动的结论可能得出使用不同的规范活动的"测量"。此外，必须认识到，在许多重要情况下，影响单单对活动停用可能并不重要;最重要的例子是，有不止一个路径的情况下对于主要反应和特定的产品选择性必须保持。在这里，对停用效果的度量可能更合理产品选择性高于整体活动。在事件（活动或选择性确定）中，重要的是请记住，各种措施不相等，无论我们试图使文学数据的意义或设计一个合适的措施对于我们自己的数据，谨慎和（最重要的是）一致性总是适当的。请记住，此处描述的措施仅指催化剂给定状态的活动特征。其他措施已旨在确定各种情况下的停用率;这将在稍后部分讨论。