非谓语动词高考考点分类“透视与点拨”

孙玉忠

在句子中不充当句子的谓语的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词是学习英语时的难点，也是考查的重点，英语中非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式、过去分词和动词 v-ing 形式。本文结合近几年的高考试题，分类谈一下高考对非谓语动词的考查，希望能对同学们能有所帮助：

一、高考与不定式

不定式是高考重要考点 , 不少内容理解难度较大 , 考生在这些方面容易失分。不定式的形式多样，结构复杂，内涵丰富，作用也很大，最能体现英语独特的形式特征，因此命题人热衷于使用它来作为考查武器就不足为怪了。下面笔者分类整理了近年高考对其的考查情况，然后逐一进行分析，希望能对同学们学习备考这一重点内容有一个比较大的帮助。

考点 1 ：不定式的时态和语态

点拨：大多数情况下不定式以一般式形式出现 , 但不少情况下可能会出现时态、语态的形式 , 如进行式、完成式、被动式等。

【经典考例】 ----Is bob Still performing ?

----I'm afraid not . He is said ______ the stage already as he become an official.(NMET2005 江苏卷 )

A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left

解析：本题答案为 A 。根据句子的意思“据说他已经离开了舞台”，要用不定式的完成形式，当然要用主动形式。

【经典考例】 The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ____ the film stars had left. (2004 福建卷 )

A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told

解析：答案为 B 。动词不定式与 only 连用表示未曾预料的结果， to be told 的意思为“被告之”，用不定式的被动语态。

考点 2 ：不定式的功能

点拨：不定式是非谓语动词常见的一种形式，它具有名词的特征，在句子中可以作主语或宾语；具有形容词的特征，在句子中可以作表语、定语或补足语；具有副词的特征，在句子中可以作状语。

（ 1 ）、形容词性

【经典考例】 Paul doesn't have to be made ______ .He always works hard. (NMET2005 重庆卷 )

A. study B. to study C. studied D. studying

解析：答案为 B 。 不定式结构 be made to study 作主语补足语，如果是 make sb. study ，也就是它的主动形式的话，则不带 to 的不定式结构作宾语补足语。

（ 2 ）、副词性

【经典试题】 It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just ______ a look at the sports starts. （ NMET2005 上海卷）

A. had B. having C. to have D. have

解析：答案为 C 。本题考查不定式作目的状语，“球迷们等在体育场外面，目的就是为了仅仅看一下这些体育明星们。”

（ 3 ）、名词性

【经典考例】 When asked by the police , he said that he remembered _____ at the party, but not _____. (NMET2005 北京卷 )

A. to arrive; leaving B. to arrive; to leave C. arriving; leaving D. arriving; to leave

解析：答案为 C 。 remember 后跟动名词作宾语，表示“记得做过某事”，跟不定式结构作宾语，表示“记住要做某事”，根据句子的意思“记得到过舞会，但不是离开舞会” ，都要选动名词结构。

【经典考例】 In fact ______ is a hard job for the police to keep order in an important football match. (NMET2001 上海 )

A. this B. that C. there D. it

解析：答案为 D 。真正的主语是不定式短语 to keep order in an important football match 。这样的句子主语就显得太长而导致句子得结构不平衡，所以 D 为正确答案。

考点 3 ：不定式的省略

点拨：不定式的省略我们可以看分作两种，一种是不定式符号“ to ”后省略实义动词的形式；另一种则是对不定式符号“ to ”的省略。

【经典考例】 The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _____. (NMET2005 重庆卷 )

A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not

解析：解析：答案为 A 。 tell sb. to do sth. 的意思是 “ 让某人做某事 ” 。在英语中，为了避免重复，常用省略形式，在这个句子中省略了 do it 。选项 B 如果加上 it ，也可以选 B 。

【经典考例】 Paul doesn't have to be made _____ . He always work hard. ( NMET 1995 )

A. learn    B. to learn   C. learned   D. learning

解析：答案为 B 。 make , let , have ,see, feel ,watch ,notice 等动词，后面接不定式作宾补时，不定式不带，例如： As you've never been there before , I'll have someone show you the way. (1990 上海 ) 。但是，这类动词用语被动结构时，作主语补足语时的动词不定式必须带 to 。

考点 4 ：不定式的否定形式

点拨：动词不定式的否定形式是在不定式的符号“to ”前直接加上 not ， 有时为了强调也可以用否定词never 来否定。

【经典考例】  The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ______ it more difficult. ( NMET 1999 )

A. not make   B. not to make   C. not making  D. do not make

解析：答案为 B 。动词不定式 to make life easier 和 not to make it more difficult 都作 is 的表语，做这类题目时，要比较非谓语动词的形式，前后要保持相同，后面不能省略 to 。

考点 5 ：不定式的搭配形式

点拨：一般情况下不定式都是独立存在的 , 但强调不定式所表动作的时间、地点、内容、方式等时 , 不定式可出现 " 疑问词+ 不定式 " 的结构 ; 强调不定式所表动作的使用工具、范围等时应使用 " 不定式 + 介词" 的结构。这些结构形式新颖 , 考生常难以识别。

【经典考例】 It is said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows _____. (NMET2002)

A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it

解析：答案为 C 。本题考查“疑问词＋不定式”和动词短语 do with 的用法，根据本题的意思可以看出，由于 know 不可以直接跟动词不定式而排除 D ；“疑问词＋ 不定式”结构当然要把疑问词置于前面，从而排除 what …do with… 实际上是一个常用的短语，在短语中 what 作 do 的宾语，句中的 it 作介词with 的宾语，故选 C 。

二、高考与过去分词

在高考英语阶段的学习中，过去分词的学习是一个重要的语法内容。作为非谓语动词，它成了高考年年必考的“重头戏”。过去分词主要起形容词或副词的作用 , 表示 " 被动、完成" 的意义 , 在句中作状语、定语、补足语、表语、等, 也可以构成独立主格结构。本文拟结合近几年的高考试题 , 就过去分词的用法及易考点加以点拨 , 希望对高三的同学们复习备考这一用法有所帮助。

考点 1 、过去分词作状语

点拨： (1) 过去分词作状语时，通常可相当于时间、原因、条件、方式等状语从句。此时要注意两条前提：一是从句主语必须与主句主语一致；二是从句谓语动词表示的动作是相对稳定的或是有规律性的，且具有被动含义。（ 2 ）如果动词过去分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致 , 就应使用状语从句、独立主格结构、 with 的复合结构或调整句子的主语来表达。（ 3 ）已成固定结构的评说性独立成分 , 过去分词作状语 , 其逻辑主语不要求与句子主语一致。

【经典考例】 ______ in a white uniform, he look more like a cook than a doctor. (NMET2005 湖南卷 )

A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. having dressed

解析：答案为 A 。过去分词短语 Dressed in a white uniform ，相当于 Being dressed in … 作方式状语。本句的意思是：穿着白色的制服，如其说他是个大夫，还不如说他更像个厨师。

【经典考例】 ______ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world. (NMET2005 湖北卷 )

A. Being separated B. Having separated C. Having been separated D. To be separated

解析：答案为 C 。此题考查非谓语动词的用法，为过去分词作原因状语，“ having been separated ” 表示“已经被分开了许多年”，而“being separated ”表示“正在被分开”，“ having separated ”表示主动，“ to be separated ”表示“目的”。

考点 2 、过去分词作定语

点拨：过去分词作定语时，通常可替换某些定语从句。此时要注意两点：首先，在被替换的定语从句中，使用的必须是作从句主语的关系代词；其次，定语从句中的谓语动词通常使用表示已经完成或被动的时态。

【经典考例】 Prices of daily goods ____ through a computer can be lower than stone prices. (2002 春招 )

A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying

解析：此题考查过去分词短语作后置定语的用法。我们可以把 bought through 还原成一个定语从句： Prices of daily goods that are bought through a computer… ，可知最佳答案为 B 项。

考点 3 、过去分词作宾补

点拨：动词的过去分词作宾语补足语时表明宾语是该动词的动作对象 , 动词与宾语之间有逻辑上的动宾关系。可以带动词过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有:find, feel, hear, see, have, get, leave, like, keep, expect, want, make 等。 如 :

【经典考例】 Helen had to shout ______ above the sound of the music. (NMET2004 卷3)

A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear

C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard

解析：答案为 D 。首先要用不定式短语作目的状语。然后在不定式短语中，过去分词 heard 作 herself 的宾语补足语，表示喊叫的目的是在嘈杂的音乐声中使别人听到自己所说的话。

考点 4 、过去分词作表语

点拨：动词的过去分词作表语 , 其实可以看作是过去分词的形容词化 , 说明的是主语在该动作完成后所处的状态。常用一般现在时和一般过去时 , 这类过去分词有 closed, covered, dressed, shut, broken, wounded, killed, finished, completed, injured, lost, gone, typed, known, written 等。

【经典考例】 Sara, hurry up. I'm afraid you won't have time to ____ before the party. (NMET2004 全国卷 1)

A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change

解析： 答案为 D 。 get changed “换衣服”，系动词 get 后接过去分词作表语，表示被动，表示某人换衣服要用被动语态。

三、高考与 V-ing 形式

动名词和现在分词皆由动词构，并总以v-ing 形式结尾。当 v-ing 形式作用象名词时，叫做动名词，而当 v-ing 形式其作用象形容词或副词时，就叫做现在分词。然而这两大功能之间有一些重叠，故往往难于（也不必要）作出有效的区别。本文为使广大考生能够较容易地掌握这种形式，因此在使用这一形式中概括了动名词和现在分词结构。现分类分析如下：

考点 1 、对 v-ing 形式作状语时的考查，常见的可分以下几类：

（ 1 ）、作原因状语：

【经典考例】 ______ in the queue for half an hour , Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. (NMET2004 北京卷 )

A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited

析：答案为 C 。 根据 for half an hour 可判断出要用现在分词的完成形式 having waited 填写，表示排队发生在汤姆意识到把钱包忘在家里了之前。

（ 2 ）、作方式状语，表伴随情况。

【经典考例】 “You can't catch me” Janet shouted, ______away. (NMET2005 全国卷 3)

A. run B. running C. to run D. ran

析：答案为 B 。 现在分词 running away 在这里作伴随状语。题意是一边跑着，一边喊着说。

（ 3 ）、作时间状语：

【经典考例】 The old man , ______ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. (NMET2004 江苏卷 )

A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked

析：答案为 D 。根据 for twenty years 可确定用现在分词的完成形式 having worked 做时间状语，表示他在回国前在国外工作了二十年。

（ 4 ）、作结果状语：

【经典考例】 More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, ______ advantage of the healthy and relaxation benefits. (NMET2005 上海卷 )

A. taking B. taken C. having taken D. having been taken

析：该题考察非谓语动词的用法。四个选项均为take 的不同形式，由句中的逗号及空白前后的逻辑关系考虑，此空应填现在分词表结果，答案为 A 。

考点 2 、对 v-ing 形式作宾语时的考查，

点拨：可分为两类：在 risk, admit , avoid, consider, dislike, enjoy, escape, face, fell, like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, practise, put off, can't help, can't stand, look forward to, insist on 某些动词或词组之后只能用 v-ing 形式，不能用不定式做宾语；在 forget, go on, like, mean, regret, remember, stop, try 某些动词之后可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。

【经典考例】 He got well prepared for the job interview, for he couldn't risk ______ the good opportunity. (NMET2005 上海卷 )

to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost

解析： risk 后面跟 V-ing 形式作宾语，并且为主动语态，故答案为 B 。

考点 3 、对 v-ing 形式作宾补时的考查 :

点拨： V-ing 形式作宾补时通常在 see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice, leave, get , have 等动词之后，表示该动作正在发生。

【经典考例】 He looked around and caught a man ______ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. (NMET2004 北京春季 )

A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting

解析：答案为 D 。现在分词 putting 作宾语补足语，表示主动。 Catch sb. doing 表示“当场抓住（撞见）某人在做某事。”

考点 4 、对 V-ing 形式作定语时的考查：

点拨： v-ing 形式作前置定语，表示用途，即“用来做 …… ”或表示性质，即“ …… 的” ； V-ing 形式作后置定语，往往表示正在发生或与谓语动词同时发生的动作，其作用相当于一个定语从句。

【经典考例】 Mr. Smith ,________ of the ______ speech, started to read a novel. ( 2003 北京春季 )

A. tired; boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring

析：这是一个典型的 v-ing 形式作前置定语以形容词功能出现，在这里， tiring 意为“令人疲老的”。在这里过去分词 tired 作状语，表伴随， 故答案为 A 。

考点 5 、对 v-ing 形式作主语时的考查

点拨：此时 v-ing 形式多表示一般或抽象的多次性行为。

【经典考例】 It's necessary to be prepared for a job interview . ______ the answer ready will be of great help. ( MEET 2005 北京卷 )

A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having

析：动名词短语 Having the answer ready 把答案准备好，作主语，故答案为 C 。

考点 6 、对 v-ing 形式作表语时的考查

点拨：可分为两种情况：第一种表示“使人感到……的一种性质或特征。第二种表示抽象概括的动作，这种动作未必在进行。

【经典考例】 It is believed that if a book is ______, it will surely ______ the reader. (NMET2003 上海 )

A. interested; interest B. interesting ;be interested C. interested; be interesting D. interesting; interest

解析： interesting 意思为“有趣的”， interest 在这里作及物动词，意思为“使读者感兴趣”。故答案为 D 。

跟踪精炼：

1. My dad promised to buy a new car and _____ it.

A. that he would let me drive B. to let me drive

C. that I would ask him to drive D. promised to let me drive

2. --I didn't hear you come in last night.

--That's good. We tired _____ noisy.

A. not to B. to be not C. to be D. not to be

3. He spoke in such a high voice _____ at the farther end of the room.

A. as to be heard B. to be heard C. as to hear D. to hear

4. _____ a long story short, he wanted to marry her and get a lot of money.

A. Make B. to make C. Tom have made D. Making

5. _____ the truth, she is really tired of cooking.

A. I am to tell B. told C. Telling D. To tell

6. --I don't understand that sentence.

--Let's get Tom _____ that sentence again.

A. explain B. to explain C. explained D. explaining

7. We all think it most foolish _____ this mistake.

A. for you to make B. of you to make C. of your making D. for your making

8. --Does anybody want to do this extra job?

--Whom would you rather _____, David or me?

A. have to do B. to do C. do D. have do

9. --I thought you had planned to practice the piano today.

--I did nothing but _____ letters all day.

A. write B. to write C. wrote D. writing

10. --I hear that you and Francis will spend your vacation in Nepal next spring.

--Yes, we are planning _____.

A. to B. to be C. it D. to do it

11. Because of my poor English I'm afraid I can't make myself________.

A. understand B. to understand

C. understanding D. understood

12. The workers want us________ together with them.

A. work B. working

C. to work D. worked

13. What's the language ________in Germany ?

A. speaking B. spoken

C. be spoken D. to speak

14. ________some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.

A. Followed B. Followed by

C. Being followed

D. Having been followed by

15. Most of the people________ to the party were famous scientists.

A. invited B. to invite

C. being invited D. inviting

16. He was disappointed to find his suggestions________.

A. been turned down

B. turned down

C. to be turned down

D. to turn down

17. Do you know the boy________ under the big tree?

A. lay B. lain C. laying D. lying

18. -Good morning. Can I help you?

-I'd like to have this package________, madam.

A. be weighed B. to be weighed

C. to weigh D. weighed

19. There was a terrible noise________ the sudden burst of light.

A. followed B. following

C. to be followed D. being followed

20. ________more attention, the trees could have grown better.

A. Given B. To give

C. Giving D. Having given

21. Snow was falling when they went along the mountain path________ to the front.

A. to lead B. led C. leading D. being led

22. The________ students were listening to an ________speech.

A. excited: excited B. excited; exciting

C. exciting; exciting D. exciting; excited

23. The picture ________long, long ago is hard for us to understand today.

A. having drawn

B. was being drawn

C. was drawn D. drawn

24. He loves parties. He is always the first ________and the last________.

A. to come; to leave

B. coming; leaving

C. comes; leaves

D. come; leave

25. ________a top gymnast, it is important to start when very young.

A. To become B. Becoming

C. Having become

D. To have become

26. ________money if you can and many poor children will be able to go back to school.

A. Giving B. Give C. Given D. To give.

27. Walking along the river, he heard someone________ for help.

A. being shouted B. shouting

C. shouted D. having shouted

28. Don't leave the work ________by others.

A. doing B. to be done C. to do D. be done

29. Mother caught the boy________ in the corner.

A. smoke B. smoking

C. to smoke D. being smoked

30. I can't have you________ up and down all day long.

A. ran B. being run C. to run D. running

keys: 1-5 B D A B D 6-10 B B D A A

11-15 DCBBA 16-20 BDDBA

21-25 CBDAA 26-30 BBBBD