一、往期回顾

“学好英语语法从这些概念开始”之名词

二、动词的主要概念

（一）动词（verb）

A word that describes what a person or thing does, or what happens, for example run, sing, grow, occur, seem.

用来描述人或物所做的事情或用来描述发生了什么事情的词语，如run、sing、occur。

（二）主动动词（active verb）与被动动词（passive verb）

1、主动动词

An active verb has a subject which is performing the action of the verb, for example, John ate the apple.

主动动词用来描述主语主动发出某个动作，如“John ate the apple”中的ate。

2、被动动词

A passive verb has a subject which is undergoing the action of the verb, rather than carrying it out, for example, The apple was eaten.

被动动词用来描述主语所被动承受的动作，而不是主动发出的，如“The apple was eaten”中的eaten。

其实，这就是构成被动语态的be done结构。

（三）助动词（auxiliary verb）与情态动词（modal verb）

1、助动词

Auxiliary verbs are used to form tenses or passive forms of other verbs. The main ones are be, do, and have.

用来辅助其他动词构成时态或被动语态的动词，如be、do、have、will。

注意：当have用作助动词时，主要用来构成完成时态；当will用作助动词时，主要用来构成将来时态。

2、情态动词

A modal verb is an auxiliary verb which is used with another verb to talk about possibility, probability, permission, intention, etc. The main modal verbs are can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, would.

用来和其他动词一起表达可能性、许可、意图等的助动词。常见的情态动词有can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, would。

注意：will和would如果用作情态动词，意思为“愿意”。

（四）及物动词（transitive verb）与不及物动词（intransitive verb）

1、及物动词

A transitive verb is one that is used with an object. In the following sentences, admire andfollow are transitive verbs:

I admire your courage.

They followed him back to his house.

可以直接后接宾语的动词，如admire、follow。

2、不及物动词

An intransitive verb is not followed by an object. In the following sentences, talk and cry are intransitive verbs: The baby was crying. We talked for hours.

不可以直接后接宾语的动词，如cry、talk。

（五）规则动词（regular verb）与不规则动词（irregular verb）

1、规则动词

A regular verb has inflections that follow the normal rules. For instance, the verb to love forms its tenses in the normal way (loved; loving).

词形变化有规律的动词，如love-loving-loved-loved。

2、不规则动词

An irregular verb has inflections that do not follow the normal rules. For example, the past of the verb run is ran.

词形变化没有特定规律的动词，如run-ran-run。

（六）限定动词（finite verb）与非限定动词（non-finite verb）

1、限定动词

A verb form which shows a particular tense, person (first person, second person, or third person), or number (singular or plural). For instance, am, is, was, and were are the finite forms of the verb to be.

限定动词是指有时态、人称和数的变化的动词，比如be就是限定动词，它有am/is/are/was/were等形式变化。

2、非限定动词

A verb form which does not show a particular tense, person (first person, second person, orthird person), or number (singular or plural). For instance, be, been, and being are the non-finite forms of the verb to be.

非限定动词是指没有时态、人称和数的变化的动词，比如been、being就是（be的）非限定动词。

（七）不定式（infinitive）与分词（participle）

1、不定式

The basic unchanged form of a verb, which usually occurs with the word ‘to’. For instance: to read; to be.

动词的原形，往往跟to连用，构成to do的不定式结构。如to read、to be。

2、分词

1）过去分词

The past participle is the form of a verb which is used to form:

passive voice, e.g. The car was repaired yesterday.

certain past tenses, e.g. I have looked everywhere; we had decided to leave.

adjectives, e.g. broken glass; lost property.

用来构成被动语态、过去时态或形容词化的动词形式，如was repaired中的repaired、have looked中的looked、broken glass中的broken。

2）现在分词

The present participle is the form of a verb, ending in –ing, that is used to form:

continuous tenses describing something that is still happening, e.g. I am thinking, she was talking.

verbal nouns, e.g. a woman of good breeding; no smoking allowed.

adjectives, e.g. running water, the freezing rain.

用来构成进行时态、动名词或形容词化的动词形式，如am thingking中的thinking、no smoking中的smoking、running water中的running。

注意：在国内的语法系统里，大多会把动名词单独分类，与不定式、分词并列，被称作非谓语动词。

（八）短语动词（phrasal verb）

A verb that is made up of a main verb together with an adverb or a preposition (or both). Typically the meaning of a phrasal verb is not obvious from the meanings of the component words, for example:

His car broke down.

He didn't catch on to what you had implied.

You're putting me off.

由一个主要动词和一个介词或（和）副词构成的动词，也叫动词词组。其意思往往从字面无法判断，比如break down（抛锚）、catch on（理解）。