五大机构联合发声:别再生酮饮食了,长期坚持危害极大!
“大口吃肉躺着瘦”,打着轻松愉快减肥旗号的生酮饮食,在全球火了。想要减肥的普罗大众表示:“简直太适合我了!”但生酮饮食真有那么好吗?它适合所有人吗?长期坚持对人体有什么影响?
对这些疑问,近期发表于《Frontiers in Nutrition》的一篇综述文章给出了答案。来自美国责任医师协会(PCRM)等五大研究机构对生酮饮食进行了全方位评估,指出长期坚持生酮的饮食策略不仅无法起到减肥作用,还可能诱发多种慢性疾病,对健康造成严重损害[1]。
图注:综述题为《生酮饮食与慢性疾病:权衡其利弊》。由美国责任医师协会(PCRM)、纽约大学、宾夕法尼亚大学、乔治华盛顿大学和纽约贝尔维尤医院共同发表
此篇综述一经刊发,在生酮圈内可谓一石激起千层浪。普通饮食践行者表示:“慌了,我还应该再生酮吗?”生酮博主们则大骂:“这是素食组织的阴谋诡计!”那么,事实究竟是怎样?今天,笔者将为读者们客观解读此篇综述,理性探讨下生酮饮食。
何为生酮饮食?
生酮饮食是一种以极低碳水、少等蛋白质加高脂肪摄入为特点的饮食策略,其最经典的分配方案是每日膳食脂肪为蛋白质加碳水化合物的3或4倍[2],且碳水化合物摄入占总能量5-10%,限制在50克以下(比低碳水饮食规定的130克/天还要低很多)[3]。
这种饮食策略目的在于诱导机体进入营养性酮症状态[4](血液酮体含量在0.5-5 mmol/L之间,不会产生中毒情况),使用酮体作为葡萄糖的替代能源,这种供能方式被认为是一种可持续、更高效的能量来源[5]。
酮体主要指丙酮、乙酰乙酸与β-羟基丁酸三种化合物,生物体在断食状态下,部分游离脂肪酸会被肝脏转化为酮体,用作替代能源,从而尽可能降低因糖异生导致的蛋白质损失[6]。
而在摄食情况下,若要机体优先分解脂肪产生酮体供能,则需要减少碳水化合物的摄入,降低血液中葡萄糖含量,并同时增加脂肪的摄入[7]。
生酮饮食治疗慢性疾病?有点悬
鉴于生酮饮食的代谢特点,它会对机体葡萄糖、蛋白质营养代谢过程,以及食物种类、比例等饮食质量产生影响。因此,可能与一些慢性疾病存在相互作用,而本篇综述也以此为重点,评估了生酮饮食与多种慢性病的关联。
癫痫症
面对癫痫类疾病,可算是让生酮饮食回到了自己的老本行。要说最早的生酮食谱,可以追溯到上世纪20年代初,起初便是用于治疗儿童难治性癫痫[8]。
在癫痫病患中,约有30%的患者无法通过药物干预降低发病率,但生酮饮食“略施小计”,就能降低至少50%难治性癫痫的发作[9]。
生酮饮食力挽狂澜,一跃成为癫痫患者的福音,其可能机制是癫痫患者体内神经元细胞对葡萄糖的利用能力下降,而补充足量酮体可以直接为神经元细胞供能[10]。
此外,生酮策略还能降低癫痫患者大脑中谷氨酸的含量,增强GABA(主要的抑制性神经递质)合成过程,这可能对维持癫痫病患脑部神经元网络正常活跃度有重要意义[11, 12]。可以说,对癫痫患者而言,坚持生酮饮食不失为一个好方法。
肥胖与体重管理
生酮饮食应用于减肥健身领域,虽只是个“副业”,但却是其家喻户晓的真正原因。不可否认的是,试验确实发现生酮饮食有一定控制体重、降低肥胖的作用[13, 14]。那么,这是否意味着生酮饮食果然不负虚名?
当进一步观测生酮饮食的减肥成果时,问题来了。虽然这种饮食方法在短期能通过降低饥饿感、抑制食欲[15, 16]及改善脂肪氧化代谢[17]来控制体重。但时间一长,再将其减重效果与其他饮食方式(如低脂素食)相比,并无闪光处,甚至还更差[18, 19]。
并且,在迅速掉秤的背后,真相是你的全身脂肪量数据几乎没有任何变化!也就是说,你减去的并不是脂肪,而是水分、蛋白质及糖原等非脂肪组织[18]。生酮减肥法还极易复胖[19],并可能带来低密度脂蛋白(通俗来说:坏蛋白)和总胆固醇含量升高的潜在后果[21]。
所以,用生酮策略来减肥,没啥实质效果还有损健康,真的,划不来。
糖尿病
由于碳水摄入量极低,生酮饮食往往被认为能很好维持血糖水平,对改善糖尿病大有好处[22],有助于改善2型糖尿病患者HbA1c(糖化血红蛋白)、空腹血糖及胰岛素敏感性等指标[23, 24]。但这样的改善效果只是昙花一现,一段时间后又回到了初始水平[25]。
相比较其他饮食方式,长期采用生酮饮食还被指出增加男性糖尿病风险37%,而摄入低碳水、强调植物蛋白和脂肪的人群并未发现患病率上升,甚至在65岁以下的男性中,糖尿病风险还降低了22%[26]。
这主要由于生酮饮食大量摄入含饱和脂肪酸、促氧化剂(如血红素铁)和炎症化合物的动物蛋白,缺乏水果、蔬菜和全谷物食品,机体所需的多种维生素(如维生素B6、B12等)、矿物质(钙、镁等)及活性成分(如亚麻酸)无法得到补充[27],反倒增加糖尿病患病机率[28]。
还有一点不得不提,使用生酮饮食的人群,体内C反应蛋白(一种炎症标志物)表达显著升高[18, 29]。可以说,长期坚持生酮吃法并没改善糖尿病,反而增加了疾病的患病风险,提升了体内炎症水平,加速衰老。
与其他慢性疾病
除上述疾病外,本研究还综合当前领域成果,逐一分析了生酮饮食对癌症、阿尔茨海默氏病(俗称痴呆症)、心血管疾病、非酒精性脂肪肝、肾脏健康以及女性孕期的影响,总体评价是:别再生酮了,不仅对健康没有帮助,搞不好还“偷鸡不成蚀把米”。
文章整体看下来,长期生酮饮食对人类健康的危害包括:疲劳、头痛、低血糖、酸中毒、脱水、肝炎、胰腺炎、高甘油三酯血症、高尿酸血症、高胆固醇血症、骨矿物质密度降低、肾结石、心肌病、贫血和视神经神经病变等[2, 30-32]。
图注:这真是目前笔者写过的最长不良反应清单,再说一遍,慎用生酮!
时光派点评
写到这里,笔者也该抛出自己的观点了:从科学角度综合分析考量,除非是患有癫痫症的特殊人群,不推荐普通健康大众使用生酮饮食策略,从可持续性发展的角度看,生酮饮食并不能带给你期待的疗效,长期坚持反而有害身心!
另一方面,关于生酮饮食是否有延寿功效,近年来也是讨论得轰轰烈烈。有研究发现生酮饮食后小鼠平均寿命被延长14%,且老年时期肿瘤发病率明显下降[33]。即使无法延长最大寿命,也能降低中年小鼠的死亡率[34]。
图注:两项研究均表明生酮饮食对小鼠寿命有一定改善
但当笔者深入查阅这些研究的细节时,却发现两项试验中,与对照组相比,生酮饮食组小鼠均被额外添加了更多纤维素、混合矿物质以及维生素,原则上讲,小鼠并没采用严格的生酮策略。所以,产生的积极结果是否真正与生酮饮食有关,该研究是否真的是生酮,还要打个问号。
关于生酮饮食是否真有延寿妙用,以及深层的作用机制是如何,目前都还是未知。但可以确定的是,生酮的副作用真的一箩筐,咱们不如换个更长效安全有保障的抗衰方法,总比提心吊胆、忧虑着未来可能的反噬作用要好得多。
—— TIMEPIE ——
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