五大机构联合发声:别再生酮饮食了,长期坚持危害极大!

大口吃肉躺着瘦”,打着轻松愉快减肥旗号的生酮饮食,在全球火了。想要减肥的普罗大众表示:“简直太适合我了!”但生酮饮食真有那么好吗?它适合所有人吗?长期坚持对人体有什么影响?

对这些疑问,近期发表于《Frontiers in Nutrition》的一篇综述文章给出了答案。来自美国责任医师协会(PCRM)五大研究机构对生酮饮食进行了全方位评估,指出长期坚持生酮的饮食策略不仅无法起到减肥作用,还可能诱发多种慢性疾病,对健康造成严重损害[1]。

图注:综述题为《生酮饮食与慢性疾病:权衡其利弊》。由美国责任医师协会(PCRM)、纽约大学、宾夕法尼亚大学、乔治华盛顿大学和纽约贝尔维尤医院共同发表

此篇综述一经刊发,在生酮圈内可谓一石激起千层浪。普通饮食践行者表示:“慌了,我还应该再生酮吗?”生酮博主们则大骂:“这是素食组织的阴谋诡计!”那么,事实究竟是怎样?今天,笔者将为读者们客观解读此篇综述,理性探讨下生酮饮食。

何为生酮饮食?

生酮饮食是一种以极低碳水少等蛋白质高脂肪摄入为特点的饮食策略,其最经典的分配方案是每日膳食脂肪为蛋白质加碳水化合物的3或4倍[2],且碳水化合物摄入占总能量5-10%,限制在50克以下(比低碳水饮食规定的130克/天还要低很多)[3]。

这种饮食策略目的在于诱导机体进入营养性酮症状态[4](血液酮体含量在0.5-5 mmol/L之间,不会产生中毒情况),使用酮体作为葡萄糖的替代能源,这种供能方式被认为是一种可持续、更高效的能量来源[5]。

酮体主要指丙酮乙酰乙酸β-羟基丁酸三种化合物,生物体在断食状态下,部分游离脂肪酸会被肝脏转化为酮体,用作替代能源,从而尽可能降低因糖异生导致的蛋白质损失[6]。

而在摄食情况下,若要机体优先分解脂肪产生酮体供能,则需要减少碳水化合物的摄入,降低血液中葡萄糖含量,并同时增加脂肪的摄入[7]。

生酮饮食治疗慢性疾病?有点悬

鉴于生酮饮食的代谢特点,它会对机体葡萄糖、蛋白质营养代谢过程,以及食物种类、比例等饮食质量产生影响。因此,可能与一些慢性疾病存在相互作用,而本篇综述也以此为重点,评估了生酮饮食与多种慢性病的关联。

癫痫症

面对癫痫类疾病,可算是让生酮饮食回到了自己的老本行。要说最早的生酮食谱,可以追溯到上世纪20年代初,起初便是用于治疗儿童难治性癫痫[8]。

在癫痫病患中,约有30%的患者无法通过药物干预降低发病率,但生酮饮食“略施小计”,就能降低至少50%难治性癫痫的发作[9]。

生酮饮食力挽狂澜,一跃成为癫痫患者的福音,其可能机制是癫痫患者体内神经元细胞对葡萄糖的利用能力下降,而补充足量酮体可以直接为神经元细胞供能[10]。

此外,生酮策略还能降低癫痫患者大脑中谷氨酸的含量,增强GABA(主要的抑制性神经递质)合成过程,这可能对维持癫痫病患脑部神经元网络正常活跃度有重要意义[11, 12]。可以说,对癫痫患者而言,坚持生酮饮食不失为一个好方法。

肥胖与体重管理

生酮饮食应用于减肥健身领域,虽只是个“副业”,但却是其家喻户晓的真正原因。不可否认的是,试验确实发现生酮饮食有一定控制体重降低肥胖的作用[13, 14]。那么,这是否意味着生酮饮食果然不负虚名?

当进一步观测生酮饮食的减肥成果时,问题来了。虽然这种饮食方法在短期能通过降低饥饿感抑制食欲[15, 16]及改善脂肪氧化代谢[17]来控制体重。但时间一长,再将其减重效果与其他饮食方式(如低脂素食)相比,并无闪光处,甚至还更差[18, 19]。

并且,在迅速掉秤的背后,真相是你的全身脂肪量数据几乎没有任何变化!也就是说,你减去的并不是脂肪,而是水分蛋白质糖原等非脂肪组织[18]。生酮减肥法还极易复胖[19],并可能带来低密度脂蛋白(通俗来说:坏蛋白)和总胆固醇含量升高的潜在后果[21]。

所以,用生酮策略来减肥,没啥实质效果还有损健康,真的,划不来。

糖尿病

由于碳水摄入量极低,生酮饮食往往被认为能很好维持血糖水平,对改善糖尿病大有好处[22],有助于改善2型糖尿病患者HbA1c(糖化血红蛋白)、空腹血糖胰岛素敏感性等指标[23, 24]。但这样的改善效果只是昙花一现,一段时间后又回到了初始水平[25]。

相比较其他饮食方式,长期采用生酮饮食还被指出增加男性糖尿病风险37%,而摄入低碳水、强调植物蛋白和脂肪的人群并未发现患病率上升,甚至在65岁以下的男性中,糖尿病风险还降低了22%[26]。

这主要由于生酮饮食大量摄入含饱和脂肪酸促氧化剂(如血红素铁)和炎症化合物的动物蛋白,缺乏水果、蔬菜和全谷物食品,机体所需的多种维生素(如维生素B6、B12等)、矿物质(钙、镁等)及活性成分(如亚麻酸)无法得到补充[27],反倒增加糖尿病患病机率[28]。

还有一点不得不提,使用生酮饮食的人群,体内C反应蛋白(一种炎症标志物)表达显著升高[18, 29]。可以说,长期坚持生酮吃法并没改善糖尿病,反而增加了疾病的患病风险,提升了体内炎症水平,加速衰老。

与其他慢性疾病

除上述疾病外,本研究还综合当前领域成果,逐一分析了生酮饮食对癌症阿尔茨海默氏病(俗称痴呆症)、心血管疾病非酒精性脂肪肝肾脏健康以及女性孕期的影响,总体评价是:别再生酮了,不仅对健康没有帮助,搞不好还“偷鸡不成蚀把米”。

文章整体看下来,长期生酮饮食对人类健康的危害包括:疲劳、头痛、低血糖、酸中毒、脱水、肝炎、胰腺炎、高甘油三酯血症、高尿酸血症、高胆固醇血症、骨矿物质密度降低、肾结石、心肌病、贫血和视神经神经病变等[2, 30-32]。

图注:这真是目前笔者写过的最长不良反应清单,再说一遍,慎用生酮!

时光派点评

写到这里,笔者也该抛出自己的观点了:从科学角度综合分析考量,除非是患有癫痫症的特殊人群,不推荐普通健康大众使用生酮饮食策略,从可持续性发展的角度看,生酮饮食并不能带给你期待的疗效,长期坚持反而有害身心!

另一方面,关于生酮饮食是否有延寿功效,近年来也是讨论得轰轰烈烈。有研究发现生酮饮食后小鼠平均寿命被延长14%,且老年时期肿瘤发病率明显下降[33]。即使无法延长最大寿命,也能降低中年小鼠的死亡率[34]。

图注:两项研究均表明生酮饮食对小鼠寿命有一定改善

但当笔者深入查阅这些研究的细节时,却发现两项试验中,与对照组相比,生酮饮食组小鼠均被额外添加了更多纤维素、混合矿物质以及维生素,原则上讲,小鼠并没采用严格的生酮策略。所以,产生的积极结果是否真正与生酮饮食有关,该研究是否真的是生酮,还要打个问号。

关于生酮饮食是否真有延寿妙用,以及深层的作用机制是如何,目前都还是未知。但可以确定的是,生酮的副作用真的一箩筐,咱们不如换个更长效安全有保障的抗衰方法,总比提心吊胆、忧虑着未来可能的反噬作用要好得多。

—— TIMEPIE ——

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