TE||Tragedy or farce?

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导读

意大利政治危机

(强烈推荐观看)

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听力|精读|翻译|词组

Tragedy or farce?

悲剧还是闹剧?

英文部分选自经济学人Finance and economics版块

Italy and financial markets

意大利及其金融市场

Tragedy or farce?

悲剧还是闹剧?

A political crisis in southern Europe and fears for the future of the euro zone roil financial markets once more

欧洲南部的政治危机,以及对欧元区未来发展的担忧再次扰乱了金融市场

HERE we go again. Financial markets don’t much like uncertainty. Thanks to Italy’s politicians, in recent days they have had plenty. By May 30th some calm had returned: it seemed possible that a pair of populist parties, the Five Star Movement and the Northern League, would form a government after all. Markets had been in turmoil for two days, unsettled by a farcical back-and-forth between the populists and the country’s president, who had rejected the parties’ choice of a Eurosceptic economist as finance minister. The politicians may have done the markets a service, by shaking them out of complacency. Investors may have returned the favour, by shaking some sense into the politicians—at least for now.

又来了。金融市场不太喜欢不确定性,但是近来意大利的政客们倒是制造了不少不确定性因素。到5月30号,市场已经回归了一些平静,似乎五星运动和北方联盟党这两大民粹主义最终可能会组阁成功。两天以来,市场一直处于动荡之中,民粹主义者和总统之间反复无常的闹剧让市场感到不安,后者拒绝了两大民粹主义政党任命一位欧洲怀疑论者担任财政部长的提议。政客们也许做了件好事,给过于自信的市场降温。投资者们可能也投桃报李:开导政客们别干蠢事,至少目前是这样。

Knock/talk some sense into sb:try to persuade somebody to stop behaving in a stupid way, sometimes using rough or violent methods:开导某人别干傻事,强使某人理智行事

Italy is perennially slow-growing and groans under public debt of around €2.3trn ($2.7trn), or 132% of GDP. The drama reawakened dormant worries about those two problems—and the deeper fear that the euro zone’s third-biggest member might be sneaking towards the exit. So the yield on Italian two-year bonds, negative as recently as May 15th, leapt to almost 1% on May 28th. It carried on climbing the next day, touching 2.73%, the highest since 2013, before retreating. Ten-year yields also rose, if less spectacularly. Yields on German Bunds, Europe’s safest government bonds, declined.

意大利长期经济增长缓慢,公共债务高达2.3万亿欧元(2.7万亿美元),占GDP比例为132%(仅次于希腊)。这一戏剧性事件重新唤起了人们对这两大问题的担忧,同时也加深了对欧盟第三大成员国可能会偷偷脱欧的担忧。因此,意大利两年期国债的收益率在5月15日还为负值,到5月28日飙升至近1%。第二天,它持续上涨,达到了2.73%,这是自2013年以来的最高水平,之后才有所回落。10年期国债收益率也有所增长,只是不那么的引人注目。欧洲最安全的政府债券—德国国债的收益率有所下降。

Share prices tumbled. Banks in Italy, holders of €600bn of government bonds, were hit hardest. UniCredit, the country’s biggest, fell by 9.2% and Intesa Sanpaolo, the number two, lost 7.2% on May 28th and 29th. Other European banks’ shares were also roughed up. The worries rippled across the Atlantic. The S&P 500 index slipped by 1.2% on May 29th, with banks again leading the way down. The yield on ten-year Treasury bonds fell from 2.93% to 2.77%, the biggest drop since the day after Britons voted for Brexit in June 2016.

股市价格暴跌,持有6000亿欧元政府债券的意大利银行受到的打击最为惨重。意大利最大的联合信贷银行下跌了9.2%, 第二大银行联合圣保罗银行(Intesa Sanpaolo)在5月28日和29日两天下跌了7.2%。其他欧洲银行的股价也被倍受打击。这些担忧蔓延到大西洋彼岸。5月29号,标普500指数下跌了1.2%,银行再次领跌。十年期国债的收益率从2.93%下跌到2.77%,这是自2016年6月英国人投票支持英国脱欧以来最大跌幅。

Rough up:攻击,殴打,对…动粗

So far, this adds up to a nasty bout of the jitters rather than full-blown panic. Italy’s two-year bond yield is far below the 7.6% it hit in November 2011, at the depths of the euro zone’s previous crisis. The effect on the euro area’s other problem members has been limited—even though yields in Greece, Portugal and Spain, where the prime minister faces a confidence vote on June 1st, reached their highest this year on May 29th.

目前为止,这增加了公众短时间焦虑,而不是全面的恐慌。意大利的两年期债券收益率远低于2011年11月欧元区危机时期的7.6%。尽管希腊,葡萄牙和西班牙(在6月1日总理面临信任投票)的收益率在今年5月29日达到最高水平,但对欧元区其他问题成员(债务较高国家)的影响仍然有限。

Foreigners are also unlikely to have suffered much direct harm from the fall in bond prices (the corollary of rising yields). Although Italy’s huge public-debt market gives it a decent weight in global bond indices, foreign investors, knowing a bad bet when they saw one, had cut back. Analysts at Deutsche Bank calculate that between the second quarter of 2015 and the third quarter of last year foreign investors other than banks cut their Italian holdings from €473bn to €250bn. Deutsche’s Torsten Slok adds that the exposure of banks outside Italy has fallen by almost half since 2009, to €133bn.

外国投资者也不太可能因债券价格下跌(收益率上升的必然结果)而受到太大直接损害。 尽管意大利庞大的公共债务市场使其在全球债券指数中占有相当大的比重,但当外国投资者看到一个糟糕的赌注时已经削减了投资。 德意志银行的分析师估计,2015年第二季度至去年第三季度,除银行以外的外国投资者将其意大利国债从4730亿欧元降到2500亿欧元。 德意志银行的Torsten Slok补充说,自2009年以来,对意大利境外银行的风险敞口已减少近一半,达到1330亿欧元。

Nor has the run-up in yields yet threatened the sustainability of Italy’s debt. On May 30th Italy sold a total of €5.6bn-worth of five-, seven- and ten-year bonds at yields of 2.32%, 2% and 3% respectively. Granted, that is dearer than in the recent past, but it is well below the average coupon of 3.4% on its existing stock of debt. And the longish average maturity of its bonds, around seven years, gives it breathing space. Alberto Gallo of Algebris, an investment firm, estimates that yields would have to be at least 4-4.5% for several months before higher coupon payments would make debt unsupportable. That is not unimaginable, but is some way off.

国债收益率上升也还未威胁到意大利债务问题的可持续性。 5月30日,意大利总共出售价值56亿欧元的五年期,七年期和十年期债券,收益率分别为2.32%,2%和3%。 诚然,这比最近价格要高的,但它远低于现存债务的平均息票率(3.4%)。 其债券的长期平均成熟期大约为七年,这给了政府喘息的空间。 投资公司Algebris的Alberto Gallo估计,收益率至少要在4%-4.5%之间维持几个月才会让更高的息票率把债务整得不可持续。那不是什么想象不到的事情,不过现在离那个状况还有段距离。

One reason for that is the backing of the European Central Bank (ECB)—ironically, a bugbear of the Italian populists. Under its quantitative-easing programme, which has held down borrowing costs across the euro area, the ECB has bought €340bn-worth of Italian bonds; it holds around a sixth of the stock. In effect, it has been a willing buyer as foreigners have quit.

其中一个原因就是欧洲央行(ECB)的支持,讽刺的是,是意大利主义者民粹的心腹之患。由于量化宽松计划(该计划降低了整个欧元区的借款成本),欧央行已经购买价值3400亿的意大利国债,其所持份额占比大约六分之一。实际上,随着外国投资者的退出,欧洲央行便自愿成为接盘人。

Yet none of this means that markets could not turn against Italy with greater violence—if, say, a populist government undid recent reforms, opened the fiscal taps or picked a fight with bureaucrats in Brussels or Frankfurt. Although the biggest banks are now in decent health (or getting there), they own lots of government bonds. One bank, Monte dei Paschi di Siena, is still in intensive care. The bad-loan burden, though reduced, remains heavy.

如果平民党派政府没有实施近期改革,宽松财政支出或者与布鲁塞尔或法兰克福市的官僚交恶,这并不意味着市场不能以更强有力的暴力手段对抗意大利。尽管这个最大的银行目前运行健康(或者向健康状态靠近),但是其持有大量的政府债券。Monte dei Paschi di Siena银行仍处于“重症监护”之中。坏账虽然有所减少,但比重仍然很大。

Departure from the euro area would be unthinkably costly—for both Italy and the zone. As when Argentina abandoned dollar parity at the start of 2002, the value of Italians’ bank deposits would plunge. Italy is not Greece (see next story), in that it is in far better shape. But it is not Greece, too, in that it is much, much bigger. In 2012 Mario Draghi, the ECB’s president, quelled the crisis that looked likely to destroy the currency club by saying that the ECB would do “whatever it takes to preserve the euro”.

意大利脱欧不论对其本身还是对整个欧元区来说,其代价都是难以想象的。就像阿根廷在2002年初宣布放弃美元平价一样,意大利银行存款的价值将暴跌。意大利与希腊不能相提并论(见下文),因为意大利状况要好得多,2012年,希腊债务危机沸沸扬扬,欧洲中央银行行长马里奥·德拉吉(Mario Draghi)声称将不惜一切代价捍卫欧元,从而平息了这场看似可能摧毁“欧元俱乐部”的危机。

If liquidity dries up the ECB can conduct “outright monetary transactions”—buying a government’s bonds on secondary markets—although it has not used the scheme yet. But this scarcely gives Italy a free pass. It is intended for extreme circumstances. As Mr Draghi’s deputy, Vítor Constâncio, who was due to leave office on May 31st, told Der Spiegel, a German magazine, this week, such help comes with strings. A government has to request it and be in an adjustment programme agreed on with European institutions. Greece has been labouring under a similar regime. Italy’s populists are unlikely to volunteer.

如果流动资金枯竭,欧洲央行可以采取“彻底货币交易”策略,在二级市场上购买政府债券,尽管还从没有用过这种手段。但这不可能保证意大利会安然无恙,这一举措适用于极端情况。作为德吉拉先生的副手维克多康斯坦西奥(Vítor Constâncio),将于5月31日离任。本星期他在接受德国杂志社《明镜周刊》(Der Spiegel)的采访中说,这样的援助方式带有附加条件。政府必须对此提出要求,并与欧洲机构达成一致的调整方案。希腊政府在相关方面一直都有努力,而意大利民粹主义者就不大可能愿意这样做。

翻译组:

Olivia,女,教育行业,经济学人粉丝

Jasmine, 女 ,税收专业, 经济学人粉丝

Fiona, 女 ,教雅思的民工, 经济学人粉丝

Lucia ,女,翻译学硕士三年制,经济学人粉丝

校核组:

Alan,男,金融工程硕士,经济学人粉丝

Vivian,女,国际商务硕士, 经济学人粉丝

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观点|评论|思考

本次观点

由ANU finance在读研究生Leon全权执笔

对于债券,股票,外汇还是期权期货等各种各样层出不穷的金融工具来说,它们的本质都只有一个,那就是将金钱财富进行时间维度和空间维度上的转移,从而达到有限资源的最大化利用。正因为有了时间和空间的转移,潜在的资产价格风险也随之产生,于是便产生了金融学最基础的精髓-基于效用论的资产配置问题。

首先简单介绍一下债券到期收益率(YTM, Yield to Maturity),票面利率(Coupon rate),基准利率,债券价格的关系。债券的价格的确定方式可以总结为短短的七个字:未来的现金流的贴现。而这短短的七个字也包括了两个债券投资方所主要考虑考虑的风险,即未来的市场无风险利率的波动以及债券发行方潜在的违约风险。如果未来无风险利率上升,其到期收益率不变的话,那么其实际收益率便下降,那么债券价格自然下跌。因为在相同收益率的前提下,投资方可以以更低的投资额达到相同的收益率,投资额便是债券现期的买入价格。

对于附息债券,其未来的现金流包括:票息和债券面值。票息通常为每半年一付,是票面利率与债券面值的乘数。由于票息和债券面值都是固定的,因此债券表面的现金流是没有波动性风险,但有潜在的违约风险

而对于债券的到期收益率来说,由于市场利率的波动性以及不确定性,投资人的到期收益率是有风险的。在基于自身对未来市场利率的判断和预测下,当确定当期债券价格的在未来预期市场利率调整下的债券到期收益率是安全且有保障的前提下,投资人才会以现在的债券价格买入债券。

债券现价公式中的三个基本因素:价格,利率以及未来的现金流无时无刻都可能发生着变动,而唯一一成不变的是这三者在时间维度上的关系

其次明确一下最基本的债券与收益率的关系:债券的收益率上升,债券价格下跌

债券的收益率可以看作投资方对债券发行方的信心指标。如果投资方认为债券发行方的未来经济预期是稳定,风险程度较低,那么其风险溢价也较低,那么其到期收益率也较低,只是作为一种避险资产。比如日本国债!这也是为什么世界上一有大事发生,投资者纷纷买入日本国债的原因。

反之亦然,如果投资方认为债券发行方的未来经济预期不稳定,且未来的市场基准利率不确定,债券的风险程度较高,那么其要求的风险溢价也随之增高,那么到期收益率也上升。

比如本期文章中的意大利国债,当意大利国内政府的疑欧派与脱欧派的政治动荡所导致的金融市场的未来预期的不稳定民粹主义政党五星运动党以及联盟党所提出的有着潜在意大利违约风险的未来当选执政计划(要求欧洲央行一次性免除意大利在ECB量化宽松政策中的2500亿欧元的公共债务以及新增1000亿的政府开支),以及意大利政府当前的巨大债务规模(占据欧元区整体的23%),以及其当前高达133%宏观杠杆率(欧元区平均水平为87%),这些数据都可以使得投资者对意大利国债有着更高的收益率要求。因此从本期选文中可以看出,在上周日,即5月27号,由于意大利亲欧派总统玛特雷拉否决疑欧派财长当选人所导致的意大利新当选总理孔蒂放弃确认组阁声明,立刻在上周二5月29号,意大利股债两市双跌,意大利的债券价格下跌,其短期收益率以及长期收益率急剧上升,甚至出现了收益率倒挂现象(收益率倒挂现象即债券的长期收益率低于短期收益率,是经济衰退,金融危机的前期预兆曲线。对于长期债券来说,由于其持有的时间跨度更长,潜在的债务违约风险以及市场利率的波动性风险更大,从而投资方便会要求更多的风险溢价,因此其到期收益率(YTM)往往高于短期债券。而倒挂的收益率曲线则是一种不正常的现象)。

预期的误差往往会导致结果的直接错误!凡事皆如此,只是表现的形式不同而已……

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