本文选自《经济学人》11月2日文章。2019年10月23日或许将是人类史上值得纪念的日子,但也可能不是。在这一天,谷歌正式在《Nature》上发表了他们关于验证“量子优越性”(即在特定任务上量子计算机远远优于传统计算机)的论文,并被Nature放在期刊封面。在这篇论文中,谷歌声称他们用量子比特的数组达到了量子优越性,在200秒内完成规定操作,而相同的运算在当今世界最大的传统超算summit上则需要10000年才能完成。这项工作是人类首次在实验上验证了“量子优越性”,在量子计算的历史上具有里程碑意义,它意味着量子计算的时代将会到来。谷歌将这项研究比作莱特兄弟的首飞,虽然当时的飞行器非常简陋,飞行时间只持续了12秒,完全没有实用价值,但这却是人类迈向天空的第一步,随之而来的是人类征服了整个天空。
选文精讲
IBM challenges a recent result in quantum computingTechnically, they are right. Practically, it makes little differenceIT WAS HAILED by many, including The Economist, as a landmark result in quantum computing. In September a scientific paper appeared accidentally on a NASA webpage. In it a team of researchers at Google described how they had used a quantum computer to complete, in three minutes, a calculation that would have taken a classical machine 10,000 years to crunch through. This feat, they claimed, marked the first demonstration of “quantum supremacy”—using a quantum computer to tackle a task unfeasible for a classical one.
- crunch: 嘎吱作响的咬碎/踏过,这里指困难且缓慢的完成
它被包括《经济学人》在内的许多杂志誉为量子计算的里程碑。9月,一篇科学论文不经意的出现在NASA的网页上。在这篇文章中,谷歌的研究人员描述了他们是如何使用量子计算机,在三分钟内完成一台传统计算机需要1万年才能完成的计算。他们声称,这一壮举首次展示了“量子霸权”——使用量子计算机来解决一个传统计算机无法完成的任务。
On October 23rd the paper reappeared, intentionally this time, in Nature. But a few days before that some researchers at IBM—which, like Google and several other information-technology firms, including Intel and Microsoft, is also conducting quantum-computing research—posted their own paper to arXiv, an online repository. In it, they cast doubt on Google’s claim.
10月23日,《自然》杂志再次刊登了这篇论文。但就在几天前,IBM的一些研究人员将自己的论文发表在了arXiv网站上——arXiv是一家知库网站,IBM与谷歌以及其他几家信息技术公司(包括英特尔和微软)一样,也在进行量子计算的研究。在这篇文章中,他们对谷歌的说法提出了质疑。
The task that Google’s engineers tested their machine with is called circuit sampling. It involves measuring the outputs of randomly wired circuits made of qubits, the quantum-mechanical analogues of the classical bits that lie at the heart of conventional computing.
谷歌的工程师测试他们的机器的任务叫做电路采样。它会测量由量子位元组成的随机布线电路的输出,量子位元可以看作是传统的二进制——常规计算的核心。