脾气好不好，基因决定了？
American Kennel Club descriptions of dog breeds can read like online dating profiles: The border collie is a workaholic; the German shepherd will put its life on the line for loved ones.
美国犬舍俱乐部对狗狗品种的描述读起来就像网上交友资料:博德牧羊犬是工作狂;而德国牧羊犬将为它所爱的人冒生命危险。
Now, in the most comprehensive study of its kind to date, scientists have shown that such distinct breed traits are actually rooted in a dog’s genes.
现在，在迄今为止同类研究中最全面的一项研究中，科学家们已经证明，这种独特的品种特征实际上根植于狗的基因中。
The findings may shed light on human behaviors as well.
这些发现可能也会对人类行为有所启发。
“It’s a huge advance,” says Elaine Ostrander, a mammalian geneticist at the National Human Genome Research Institute in Bethesda, Maryland, who was not involved with the work.
“这是一个巨大的进步，”马里兰州贝塞斯达国家人类基因组研究所的哺乳动物遗传学家伊莱恩·奥斯特兰德说，他并未参与此次研究。
“It’s a finite number of genes, and a lot of them do make sense.”
“基因的数量是有限的，其中很多是有意义的。”
When the dog genome was sequenced in 2005, scientists thought they would quickly be able to pin down the genes that give every breed its hallmark personality.
当狗的基因组在2005年被测序时，科学家们认为他们很快就能确定赋予每一种狗独特个性的基因。
But they found so much variation even within a breed that they could never study enough dogs to get meaningful results.
但他们发现，即使是在一个犬种中，也存在如此多的变异，以至于他们永远无法对狗进行足够的研究，以获得有意义的结果。
So in the new study, Evan MacLean, a comparative psychologist at the University of Arizona in Tucson, and colleagues began by looking at behavioral data for about 14,000 dogs from 101 breeds.
因此，在这项新研究中，图森市亚利桑那大学的比较心理学家埃文麦克林和同事们首先研究了101个品种的大约1.4万只狗的行为数据。
The analyses come from the Canine Behavioral Assessment & Research Questionnaire(C-BARQ), a sort of pet personality quiz developed by James Serpell, an ethologist at the University of Pennsylvania.
这些分析来自于犬类行为评估与研究问卷(C-BARQ)，这是宾夕法尼亚大学的行为学家詹姆斯·塞佩尔(James蛇佩尔)开发的一种宠物性格测试。
C-BARQ asks questions like, “What does your dog do when a stranger comes to the door?” to allow owners to objectively characterize 14 aspects of their pet’s personalities, including trainability, attachment, and aggression.
C-BARQ会问这样的问题:“当一个陌生人来到门口时，你的狗会做什么?”“让主人客观地描述宠物性格的14个方面，包括可训练性、依附性和攻击性。”
Since the survey was developed in 2003, more than 50,000 owners have participated.
自2003年开展这项调查以来，已有5万多名狗狗主人参与。
The team matched up these behavioral data for each breed with genetic data about breeds from different sets of dogs.
研究小组将每个犬种的行为数据与不同犬种的基因数据进行比对。
They didn’t look at genetic and behavioral data for individual dogs, but rather averages across a specific breed.
他们没有研究每只狗的基因和行为数据，而是研究了某一犬种的平均水平。
In all, the team identified 131 places in a dog’s DNA that may help shape 14 key personality traits.
总的来说，研究小组在狗的DNA中确定了131个可能有助于塑造14个关键性格特征的位区。
Together, these DNA regions explain about 15% of a dog breed’s personality, with each exerting only a small effect.
总的来说，这些DNA区域解释了犬种性格的15%，而每一个都只产生很小的影响。
Trainability, chasing, and a tendency to be aggressive toward strangers were the most highly heritable traits, the scientists report in a paper posted this month on the preprint server bioRxiv.
科学家们在本月发表在预印本服务器bioRxiv上的一篇论文中称，可训练性、追逐性以及对陌生人的攻击性是最容易遗传的特质。
The locations of these DNA hot spots make sense: Some are within or close to genes tied to aggression in humans, for example, whereas DNA associated with the dog’s level of trainability is found in genes that in humans are associated with intelligence and information processing.
这些DNA热点的位置是有意义的:例如，有些位于与人类攻击性相关的基因内部或附近，而与狗的可训练性水平相关的DNA则存在于在人类中与智力和信息处理相关的基因中。
The findings suggest behavior is guided by the same genes in many species, MacLean says.
麦克林说，这些发现表明，许多物种的行为是由相同的基因引导的。
And if, for example, genes underlying anxiety in dogs lead to those same genes in people, that discovery may ultimately lead to better treatments for anxiety-related disorders, Serpell says.
例如，如果狗的焦虑基因与导致人的焦虑基因相同，这一发现可能最终导致更好地治疗与焦虑相关的疾病，瑟佩尔说。
“These are the kinds of things we can see in the future.”
“这些都是我们可以在未来看到的事情。”
Because the genetic and behavioral data come from different sets of dogs, the work cannot link a breed’s specific behavioral tendencies to any one gene.
由于遗传和行为数据来自不同的犬类，这项研究无法将一个犬种的特定行为倾向与任何一个基因联系起来。
“This paper doesn't call out any particular breed for its behavior. It relies on behaviors that are found in many breeds,” says Heidi Parker, a genome scientist at the National Human Genome Research Institute who, with Ostrander, pioneered some of the early work on dog genomes.
“这篇论文并没有为它的行为指出任何特定的品种。它依赖于许多品种的行为。”美国国家人类基因组研究所的基因组科学家海蒂.帕克说，他和Ostrander一起开创了狗基因组的早期研究。。
Thus, for example, Serpell’s behavioral work has shown that pit bulls are aggressive toward other dogs but not people, but this new analysis can’t lead to a DNA test of that behavior.
例如，瑟佩尔的行为研究表明，比特犬对其他狗有攻击性，但对人没有，但这项新的分析不能对这种行为进行DNA测试。
However, Serpell and his colleagues are starting more studies looking at the DNA linked to within-breed variation in behavior, a step in that direction.
然而，瑟佩尔和他的同事们正在开始更多的研究，来研究与品种内行为变异相关的DNA，这是朝着那个方向迈出的一步。
Such work has been done on a small scale to pinpoint the gene for superfriendly behavior.
这样的工作已经在小范围内完成，以确定超级友好行为的基因。
Until more of those connections are made, “I am not sure how widely accepted the results will be,” says Robert Wayne, an evolutionary biologist at the University of California, Los Angeles.
加州大学洛杉矶分校的进化生物学家罗伯特·韦恩表示，在这些联系得到进一步证实之前，“我不确定这些结果会被多么广泛地接受。”
He and dog genetics expert Elinor Karlsson from the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester point out that this study finds a much bigger role for genetics in shaping behavior than previous studies and so think more work needs to be done to verify the findings.
他和来自伍斯特市马萨诸塞大学医学院的狗遗传学专家埃莉诺·卡尔松指出，这项研究发现，与之前的研究相比，基因在塑造行为方面的作用要大得多，因此认为需要做更多的工作来验证这些发现。
问题：
请问今天的推文图片中，什么品种的狗狗出现在了两张不同的图片中？
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