专家之言丨肖兆华：实战应用型英语课堂用语（之五）
专家介绍
肖兆华：中国翻译协会专家会员、全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试CATTI英语阅卷组成员，长期从事外交工作，著名翻译家及翻译教育家，全国自主教育联盟专家顾问 。
实战应用型英语课堂用语（五）
(201) 动词的四种基本形式是：现在式，过去式，现在分词式，过去分词式。
The four fundamental forms are the present form, the past form, the present participle and the past participle.
(202) 现在分词前面可以用助动词be的各种形式构成进行时态。
The present participle, when preceded by various forms of the auxiliary verb “be”, forms the continuous tenses.
(203) 过去分词前面可以用助动词have的各种形式构成完成时态。
The past participle, when preceded by various forms of the auxiliary verb “have”, forms the perfect tenses.
(204) 时间和时态是两个不同的概念，不能混淆。
Time and tense are two different concepts that must not be confused.
(205) 时间是拥有过去、现在和将来三种状况的总体概念。
Time is a universal concept with three divisions of past time, present time and future time.
(206) 时间是跟语言无关的一个独立的概念。
Time is something independent of language.
(207) 时态是用来表示时间关系的动词形式。
Tense stands for a verb form used to express a time relation
(208) 不同语言有不同的时态。
Tenses vary in different languages.
(209) 时态可用来表示一个动作或一个状态：发生在过去、现在还是将来，并可表示这个动作或状态在过去、现在或将来的某一时间段内已经完成还是正在进行。
Tenses may indicate whether an action or a state is past, present, or future, whether it is, was, or will be complete or in progress over a period of time.
(210) 一般时态的用法。
The use of the indefinite tenses.
(211) 一般现在时可以用来表示习惯性、永久性或反复性的动作。
The present indefinite tense is to denote a customary, permanent or repeated action.
(212) 一般现在时可以用来表示真理或用在谚语里。
The present indefinite tense is to denote a general truth or in a proverb.
(213) 一般现在时可以用来表示能力、性格和性情。
The present indefinite tense is to denote ability, character or disposition.
(214) 一般现在时可以用来表示一个此刻同时发生的事情。
The present indefinite tense is to denote an event simultaneous with the present moment.
(215) 在表示时间、条件、方式和让步状语从句中，用一般现在时来替代将来时。
In adverbial clauses of time, condition, manner, concession, etc, the present indefinite tense is used instead of the future tense.
(216) 在简单句中，有时一般现在时可以替代一般将来时，这主要用来表示已经确定安排好的事情，这种用法在用了表运动的动词（go, come等）并带有表将来时间的词语中，尤为常见。
The present indefinite may sometimes be used instead of the future indefinite in simple sentences. It is used chiefly when something is settled as part of a programme already fixed. This usage occurs especially in sentences with verbs of motion (go, come, etc.) and containing word referring to the future.
(217) 为了叙述更为生动，用一般现在时替代一般过去时，这被称为“历史现在时”或“戏剧现在时”，使用“历史现在时”或“戏剧现在时”时，叙述者暂时忘了事情发生在过去的时间，仿佛就发生在眼前。
The present indefinite can be used instead of the past indefinite to express vividness in narration. This is known as “the historic present” or “the dramatic present”. In using this tense, the speaker, for the rime being, forgets all about time and represents what happened in the past as if it were present before his eye.
(218) 当动词是learn, tell, hear, forget, be told等这些词时，用一般现在时替代现在完成时。
The present indefinite is used instead of the present perfect with such verbs as: learn, tell, hear, forget, be told, etc.
(219) 一般过去时用来表示在某个时间点或某个时间段已完成的动作，通常跟有表示过去时间概念的状语，例如，yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1999, several weeks ago等等。
The past indefinite is used to express an action wholly completed at some point or during some period in the past. It is often associated with adverbial expressions of past time: yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1999, several weeks ago, etc.
(220) 一般过去时可以表示过去发生的一系列的动作。
The past indefinite can be used to express a series of actions taking place one after another in the past.
(221) 一般过去时在时间状语或条件状语从句中，可以用来替代过去将来时。
The past indefinite can be used instead of the past future tense in adverbial clauses of time or condition.
(222) 有时用一般过去时是跟说话人的态度相关，而与时间无关，用过去时显得更礼貌一些。
Sometimes, the past indefinite is related to the attitude of the speaker rather than to time. It is more polite to use the past indefinite.
(223) 一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态。
The future indefinite is used to express the occurrence of an action or the existence of a state in the future.
(224) 有一个趋势，如果某个动作是人所能控制的，那么就用现在进行时表示“计划中的未来”。
There is a tendency to use the present continuous tense for some preplanned future, if the action of the verb is under man’s control.
(225) 还有一些别的结构用来表示一般将来时。
① be going+动词不定式，例如：
I am going to review the lessons this afternoon.
② be about+动词不定式，例如：
It is about to rain. (天马上要下雨了。)
There are some other constructions instead of the future indefinite tense, for example, I am going to review the lessons this afternoon. It is about to rain.