过敏性鼻炎用药大全,太实用了
过敏性鼻炎(allergic rhinitis,AR)是一种常见的血清免疫球蛋白E(lgE)介导的慢性呼吸系统疾病,症状包括鼻咽发痒、打喷嚏、流涕及结膜炎等。
严重的过敏性鼻炎不仅影响生活质量,还会加剧哮喘等其他疾病。应教育患者避免接触已知的过敏原,根据年龄和症状严重程度选择相应的药物治疗。
药物选择 治疗AR的药物选择与支气管哮喘类似(详见表1、表2),包括鼻用糖皮质激素、口服和鼻用抗组胺药、减充血药、色苷酸钠滴鼻液、鼻内抗胆碱药和白三烯受体拮抗剂。
不建议儿童使用减充血药和色苷酸钠滴鼻液。鼻腔滴注生理盐水也有助于缓解症状,从而减轻药物用量。
美国过敏、哮喘和免疫学会推荐单独鼻用激素治疗影响生活质量的AR持续症状,使用第二代抗组胺药治疗轻度间歇性症状。对鼻用激素无效的严重AR(无论是否合用二线药物)应考虑免疫治疗。 表1 过敏性鼻炎不同症状的药物选择
表2 治疗过敏性鼻炎的药物汇总
按严重程度治疗 临床实践中,口服抗组胺药和鼻内皮质类固醇联合治疗季节性过敏性性鼻炎患者通常用于单独使用鼻用激素无效的患者。有时医生为患者选择口服孟鲁司特或其他白三烯受体拮抗剂而非鼻用激素,但根据指南推荐:
对于12岁以上的季节性过敏性鼻炎患者,不推荐鼻用皮质类固醇与口服抗组胺药联合治疗。中等质量的数据未显示出抗组胺药的益处,单独使用激素方案使患者的依从性和方便性得到改善,减少口服抗组胺药的不良反应(如镇静);
对于12岁以上的患者,鼻内皮质类固醇+鼻内抗组胺联合治疗可用于治疗严重鼻部症状。高质量的证据表明,联合使用丙酸氟替卡松和氮卓斯汀与单独使用两种药物相比疗效更好;
对于15岁及以上的患者,鼻用激素优于孟鲁司特等白三烯受体拮抗剂。高质量的证据表明,鼻内皮质类固醇疗效更稳定。两类药物的不良反应发生率无显著性差异。
图1 按严重程度分类的过敏性鼻炎治疗流程
参考文献:
[1] Sur DK, Scandale S. Treatment of allergic rhinitis. Am Fam Physician. 2010;81(12):1440-1446.
[2] Hermelingmeier KE, Weber RK, Hellmich M, Heubach CP, Mösges R. Nasal irrigation as an adjunctive treatment in allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2012;26(5):e119-e125.
[3] Greer FR, Sicherer SH, Burks AW; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition; American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Allergy and Immunology. Effects of early nutritional interventions on the development of atopic disease in infants and children: the role of maternal dietary restriction, breastfeeding, timing of introduction of complementary foods, and hydrolyzed formulas. Pediatrics. 2008;121(1):183-191.
[4] Price D, Bond C, Bouchard J, et al. International Primary Care Respiratory Group (IPCRG) guidelines: management of allergic rhinitis. Prim Care Respir J. 2006;15(1):58-70.
[5] Scadding GK, Durham SR, Mirakian R, et al.; British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. BSACI guidelines for the management of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38(1):19-42.
[6] Barr JG, Al-Reefy H, Fox AT, Hopkins C. Allergic rhinitis in children. BMJ. 2014; 349: g4153.
[7] Wheatley LM, Togias A. Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(5):456-463.
[8] Wallace DV, Dykewicz MS, Bernstein DI, et al.; Joint Task Force on Practice; American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology; American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology; Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. The diagnosis and management of rhinitis: an updated practice parameter [published correction appears in J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(6):1237]. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(2 suppl): S1-S84.
[9] Calderon MA, Alves B, Jacobson M, Hurwitz B, Sheikh A, Durham S. Allergen injection immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD001936.
[10] Casale TB, Condemi J, LaForce C, et al.; Omalizumab Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis Trial Group. Effect of omalizumab on symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;286(23): 2956-2967.
[11] Hauk L. Treatment of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis: A Guideline from the AAAAI/ACAAI Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters. Am Fam Physician. 2018;97(11):756‐757.
本文来源:医学界临床药学频道