【猪译馆】配种管理指南 （连载四）
前言 Foreword
丹育猪以高产著名于世，但由于猪场建设、饲养管理等诸多方面的挑战，让丹育猪在中国的生产性能未能达到预期，但丹育种猪在中国养猪业的受青睐程度仍越来越高。猪译馆特收集整理了一系列丹育相关资料，目前正在转载由喜肉科技携手英联饲料和华扬种猪联合推出的丹麦养猪研究中心制作的丹育《配种管理手册》，敬请关注。
编者的话 Editor's Note
配种是新一轮生产的开始，配种质量会直接影响受胎率、分娩率、产仔数、断奶数等一系列关键的KPI。因此配种舍的正确管理有助于提高和维持母猪高产、稳产。本手册详细讲解了不同生产模式下查情和配种的各种技巧，其中很多章节图文并茂可以直接作为SOP使用。
7.场内人工授精——采精后的精液处理
ON -FARM AI SEM EN PROCESSIN GAFTER COLLECTION
正确操作
Proper Treatment
1. 闻精液的气味，应该是无异味的。
Smell the semen, it should smell neutral.
2. 观察精液的颜色，应介于脱脂奶和奶酪油的颜色之间。
Look at the semen, it must have a colour from skimmed milk to cream.
3. 评估精液的浓度。
Evaluate the semen concentration.
4. 取精液样品，置于有加热载物台的显微镜下观察，评估精子活力。
Take a sample of the raw semen and examine it under the microscope with a hot plate. Motility should be assessed.
5. 精液与稀释剂混合。只打开需要的稀释剂量。将抗生素加入稀释剂后，加热至30-35 ℃。冷应激会损伤精子。
The semen is mixed with diluents. Do not open for more than the amount of diluents that is necessary. Antibiotics must be added to the diluents. The diluents should be heated to 30 ℃ to 35 ℃, if the semen gets a cold shock, it may be damaged.
6. 取稀释过的精液的新样品，开始评估精子的形态。
A new sample of the diluted semen is taken and semen morphology is now assessed.
7. 多次使用的器具材料最好不是玻璃或金属的，而是塑料的。
Recyclable materials shall not be of glass or metal. Plastic is preferable.
8. 与精液直接接触的材料上不要有残留的肥皂或消毒剂，因其会杀死精子。
There should be no soap or disinfectant residue on the materials that are in direct contact with the semen, as it kills the semen.
9. 采集完成后1小时内完成稀释。
The semen must be mixed within 1 hour after collection.
10. 稀释后的成品精液如果不立即使用，需尽快放入精液专用冰箱。
The diluted semen that is not immediately used after collection is to be placed in the semen closet as soon as possible.
采集后精液的处理，要在干净、无尘的地方进行。
A clean, dust free area for the treatment of the semen after collection.
畸形精子Abnormal sperm cells
A:精子尾部卷曲
Curled tail
B: 精子尾部卷曲并与原生质滴结合
Combination of curled tail and distal droplet
C: 精子头部带有原生质滴
Proximal droplet
D:精子尾部带有原生质滴
Distal droplet
可能的错误
Potential Errors
1. 一个没有经验的人通过显微镜错误的评估精液。比如他只能看到精子，而看不出畸形精子。
An inexperienced person who values the semen incorrect in the microscope. For example he sees more sperm cells than there is or there are too many defective sperm cells.
2. 精液稀释时不够卫生，如使用不干净的容器和飞溅的水进入精液。
Lack of hygiene by the mixture of semen. Unclean containers and sloppiness with water, so water gets in the semen.
3. 精液处理的房间不干净，有灰尘和污垢。
The semen is processed in an unclean room with much dust and dirt.
4. 精液出现异常颜色和味道。
The semen is discolored and smells.
5. 选择了不合适的材料。
Improper material selection.
6. 残留的肥皂和消毒剂接触到精液。
Soap and disinfectant residues are in contact with the semen.
7. 稀释时受到污染或粗心的操作导致杂质进入。
Contaminated dilute at mixing, or careless treatment of the dilute so impurities comes in.
8. 将用剩的稀释剂混装在一起。
Residues of dilute are mixed together.
补充说明-场内人工授精--采精后的精液处理
Additional Comments: On-farm AI – Semen Processing After Collection
精液闻起来无异味，如果闻起来气味强烈，则精液被污染了，需丢弃不用。
Semen smells neutral, if it smells strongly it is contaminated and should be discarded.
精液不能出现异常的颜色。有血的精液会呈现褐色，血液会损伤精液，降低精子的受精能力。如果精液分层，可能是被积液、细菌等污染。如果出现以上问题，需将精液丢弃不用。混有尿液的精液会呈现淡黄色。
The semen must not be discolored. Blood in the semen gives a brownish color. Blood damage the semen, so they loose their fertility. If the semen divides, it is contaminated with pus, bacteria or so. Throw away the semen if there is any reason for the above problems. Urine in the semen gives a yellowish color.
在每份稀释好的精液中都要有足够数量的精子，因此要对精液浓度进行评估。不使用细胞计数板就不能够精确计算、评估，但往往只有在人工授精站才使用计数板。
There must be a sufficient number of sperm cells in each premixed portion, and therefore the concentration of the semen must be assessed. Without counting chamber it cannot be done accurately, and it is usually only on AI stations they are profitable.
农场可通过精液的颜色来判断其浓度：
The semen can instead be assessed by color:
1. 乳白色=中等含量的精子
Milky white = middle number of sperm cells
2. 蓝灰牛奶色=少量的精子
Blue-gray milk like = few sperm cells
3. 奶油色=很多精子
Cream = many sperm cells
活力是描述精子具有正常形态且处于向前做直线运动的状态。那些后退或转圈的精子是不能受精的。
Motility is an expression of sperm cells forward movement (mobility) and normal appearance (morphology). The sperm cells that swim backwards or in circles, is not fertile.
稀释剂打开后必须在3天内用完。最理想的情况是，购买正好适合每次采集所需要量的稀释剂，这能最大程度的保证稀释剂没有污染。稀释剂需储存在冰箱中。最好购买一些不同包装规格的稀释剂，这样适合于配种较多或较少的工作日。
Diluents that are opened must be used within 3 days. The ideal would be to buy portions that correspond to what is needed per collection. It gives a greater assurance that there is no contamination of the diluents. Diluents should be stored in a refrigerator until it should be used. It is best to buy several sizes diluents, so there are for both large and small insemination days.
取稀释过的精液样品，滴在载玻片上，盖上盖玻片，置于显微镜下评估精子形态。如果有多于30%的畸形精子，则该批精液舍弃不用。
There is taken a drop of the diluted semen, and placed on the slide in the microscope. On top of that there is placed a coverslip. The sperm cell morphology (appearance) will be assessed. If there are more than 30 percent defective sperm cells the semen is discarded.
与精液直接接触的容器材质不能是金属或玻璃，因为会对精液造成冷应激，从而引起精子死亡。所有多次使用的材料都要是塑料的。
Containers, which semen is in direct contact with, may not be of metal or glass. They are too cold for the semen. If the semen gets a cold shock, the semen dies. All recycle materials must be plastic.
最好将所有的材料都置于沸水中高温灭菌，之后需彻底晾干（水会杀死精子）。如用洗碗机清洗，会造成肥皂残留。
It is optimal that all materials are scalded with boiling water. After scalding, the materials are dried out completely. Water kills the sperm cells. If they have been in the dishwasher there can be soap residue on it.
如果精液采集后太长时间没有稀释，精子会受到损伤。因稀释剂中有维持精子存活的营养物质，所以精子能存活更长时间。
If the semen is undiluted for a long time, it will take damage. There are nutrients in the diluent, which makes the semen survive.
农场制作的精液，必须与购买的精液的保存方式一致，即保存在16-18℃的精液专用冰箱中。每天最好翻转精液一次，因为自制的精液含有更多的精子。高浓度的精液会造成部分精子“打堆”，从而不能从稀释剂中得到足够的营养物质。
Semen collected in the herd must be kept in the same manner as purchased semen at 16 ℃ to 18 ℃. The semen doses can advantageously be turned once a day, because there are more sperm cells in home produced semen doses. It can cause the sperm cells to be “strangled” because of the high concentration of sperm cells and thus not getting enough nourishment from the diluents.
8.自 然 交 配
N A TU RA L M A TIN G
成功的自然交配的关键点：
Get Success With Natural Mating：
1. 使用性成熟的公猪。
Use a sexually mature boar.
2. 开始几次，让公猪爬跨一头发情明显的经产母猪。
Let the boar mount a sow with a good and clear heat the first few times.
3. 让母猪进入公猪栏。
The sow is let into the boar’s pen.
4. 将母猪转入公猪栏后，始终要有一个人监督。
One must always supervise when the sow is let into the boar.
5. 建议至少每14天让公猪爬跨一次。
It is recommended that a boar is allowed to mount minimum every 14 day.
6. 使用的种公猪至少每12个月更换一次。
Active breeding boars should be replaced after a maximum of 12 months.
7. 确保圈舍地面是防滑的。
Make sure there is non-slip surface in the pen.
8. 密切关注公猪的健康情况。
Always keep an eye on that the boars are healthy.
9. 如果公猪生病了，在再次使用前，让公猪爬跨采精大约10次。
There should be approx. 10 mountings before using to sows if the boar has been sick.
10. 交配后，将母猪赶回自己的圈舍。
After mating, the sow is moved back to its place.
11. 对引入的公猪实行隔离。
Use quarantine for introduction of boars.
需要防滑的干地面。
A non-slip, dry floor is necessary.
公猪对母猪来说不能太大。
The boar should not be too large for the sow.
8.2 自然交配的问题
Problems With Natural Mating
1. 不育或精子质量下降的公猪。
Sterile boar or boar with reduced sperm quality.
2. 缺乏发情鉴定。
Lack of heat control.
3. 母猪因为地面滑或公猪太大/太重而滑倒。
The sow slips because of a slippery floor or too large/heavy a boar.
4. 公猪使用太频繁。
The boar is used too often.
8.3 自然交配的缺点
Disadvantages Of Natural Mating
1. 在发现公猪不育前，可能其已经和很多母猪交配了。
A sterile boar can reach to mate numbers of sows before it gets discovered.
2. 很难保持公猪的育种值和人工授精站的公猪一样。
It is difficult to keep the boars breeding value on par with the AI boars.
3. 猪群中引进新的公猪时，会有将新的疾病带进群体的风险。使用隔离舍可以将这种风险最小化。
Introduction of new boars in the herd is associated with a risk of new diseases into the herd. Using the quarantine unit will minimize this risk.
补充说明：场内人工授精--采精
Additional Comments: On-farm AI – Collection
公猪性成熟的标志是它愿意进行交配。公猪最早性成熟时间是6-7月龄，这主要取决于年龄。杂交公猪通常比纯种公猪的性成熟时间早。建议公猪在8月龄后再进行第一次交配。
A boar is sexually mature when it is willing to implement a mating. It occurs first in 6-7 months of age and depends primarily on age. Cross breed boars often become sexually mature earlier than purebred boars. It is recommended that the boar is taken into service when it is over 8 months old.
确保公猪在刚开始几次爬跨时获得成功的体验。即让其爬跨一头体型相符、发情明显并出现静立反射的经产母猪。
Ensure that the boar gets a successfull experience the first few times it must mount. This is done by finding a sow in the appropriate size, showing clear heat and good standing reflex.
当母猪接近公猪时，公猪会立即对母猪感兴趣，发情期的母猪会出现静立反射。配种栏至少10平方米。
When the sow let into the boar, it will immediately show interest in the sow and the oestrus sow will exhibit standing reflex. Pens used for mating should be minimum 10 m 2.
如果母猪不表现出静立反射，需立即将母猪赶出圈舍。公猪爬跨时，工作人员需戴上手套来引导公猪的阴茎进入母猪的阴道。
If the sow won’t stand for the boar, it must be removed from the pen again. When the boar mounts, you may be ready with a gloved hand, to lead the penis into the sow’s vagina.
公猪的年龄越大，交配的次数可越多，因为精液的产量随着年龄的增长而逐渐增加。
The older the boar, the more often you can let him mate as the semen production increases the boar’s age.
表1: 公猪的使用频率
Table1: Frequcncy of use of the boar
注意爬跨的次数要在整个星期中均匀分布。
Be aware that the mounts should be distributed throughout the week.
公猪的育种值随着年龄的增长而下降。因此，公猪只能使用12个月。随后，公猪可以作为诱情公猪使用。
The boars breeding value decreases with time. It should therefore only be active for up to 12 months. Subsequently, it can be used as a smell boar.
为了避免母猪的腿部疾病和滑倒，圈舍的地面一定要防滑。这要求地面干燥，最好铺上垫料（不能用刨花，这对繁殖有不良的影响）。
To avoid leg injuries and slipping with the sows, it is important that the pens have a non-slip surface. That is dry floor, preferably with bedding (not shavings, as they have a negative influence on reproduction).
公猪发烧会引起随后8个星期内精液质量的下降。如果怀疑其受精能力，可以取精液样品进行精液质量检查，让人工授精顾问进行结果分析。
A boar that has had fever may subsequently have reduced semen quality in up to 8 weeks. If in doubt about the boar’s fertility, there should be taken a semen sample to check for semen quality. The analysis can be made by an AI advisor.
通过用同一公猪的精液对母猪授精进行复配，可以评估该公猪是否不育。如果想要评估公猪的繁殖性能，需要用这头公猪的精液对更多的母猪进行复配。
By making inseminations , one can assess whether it is sterile. If you want to assess the boar’s reproductive performance, there must be made more inseminations with the single boar.
交配后，如母猪仍留在圈舍中，公猪会试着再进行多次爬跨。这不利于该公猪爬跨后面与之交配的母猪。见表1。
If the sow is staying in the pen, the boar will attempt to mount several times. It may be inappropriate if the boar should mount for more mountings later. See table 1.
隔离舍的使用可降低因引进种畜而带进新疾病的风险。
The quarantine unit minimizes the risk of new diseases into the herd together with purchasedbreeding animals.
未完待续……
To be continued…
温馨提示：