高考英语 语法部分 专题二---冠词
专题二 冠词
冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，它用在名词的前面，帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种：不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词。
考点一 不定冠词
不定冠词a和an的用法
1. 单数可数名词前用不定冠词a/an表示泛指，泛指某一人或某一物。
The story happened in a small town in Victoria.
这个故事发生在维多利亚的一个小镇上。
2. 表示类指或指某类中的任何一个。
A virus is a very small living thing that causes disease.
病毒是一种引发疾病的微生物。
3. 表示量指。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。
I watch TV for two or three hours a day.
我一天要看两三个小时的电视。
4. 表示“每”，相当于per，用在表示价格、速度、频率等的短语中。
Prices start at ￡13. 95 a yard for printed cotton.
印花棉布以每码13. 95英镑的价格起售。
5. 不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序，而表示“再一，又一”。
He missed the gold medal in the high jump，but he will get a second chance in the long jump.
他在跳高比赛中错失了金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。
6. 用在形容词的比较等级前，表示“一个更……的”。
If we sit near the front of the bus, we'll have a better view.
如果我们坐在公共汽车的前部，视野就会更好些。
7. 不定冠词用于固定搭配中。
as a result因此 as a rule通常
as a whole总体上 as a matter of fact事实上
at a loss不知所措 in a hurry匆忙
in a word总之 in a sense在某种意义上
in a way在某种程度上 in a short while不久
keep an eye on照看；留意 pay a visit to拜访
put an end to结束 once in a while偶尔
once upon a time从前 all of a sudden突然
be on a diet节食 have a gift for在某方面有天赋
have/catch a cold感冒 make a living谋生
have/take a rest休息 give sb. a lift让某人搭便车
[活学巧练] 单句语法填空
①[2021·河南郑州一中六次测试]Four boys were taking ________ walk in the woods near Montignac.
②[2021·河北五个一联盟二次联考]As you know，science plays ________ very important role in our education.
③[2021·陕西榆林二中三模]The Internet is an amazing information resource. Students，teachers，and researchers use it as ________ investigative tool.
答案：①a ②a ③an
考点二 定冠词
定冠词the的用法
1. 用在名词前表示特指。
Do you know the man standing at the gate of the door?
你认识站在门口的那个人吗？
2. 用在世界上独一无二的人或物、自然现象、发明物之前。
The earth goes around the sun.
地球围绕太阳转。
[名师点津] 当这些独一无二的人或物、自然现象、发明物等之前由形容词修饰时，用不定冠词a或an。例如：
We should try our best to make a better world to live in.
我们应该尽全力创造一个更适合居住的世界。
3. 用在序数词和最高级前。
Is this the first time you have visited Qingdao?
这是你第一次游览青岛吗？
This is the most interesting book I have ever read.
这是我所读过的书中最有趣的一本。
4. 用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人或夫妻俩。
The Greens are on holiday now.
格林一家(夫妇)现在正在度假。
5. 用于形容词或分词前，表示一类人或物。
the wounded伤员 the rich富人
6. 用在逢十的年代前，表示“在某世纪几十年代”。
in the 1990's在20世纪90年代
7. 用在表示计量单位的名词前，如by the hour，by the dozen等，但若名词为抽象名词则不加冠词，如by weight，by height等。
I hired the car by the hour.
我按小时租车。
8. 用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前，或用在表示江、河、湖、海、山脉、群岛及国家和党派名词前。
the Great Wall长城
the Summer Palace颐和园
the East China Sea东海
the Huai River淮河
the Jinggang Mountains井冈山
the United States of America美国
9. 定冠词用于固定搭配中。
in the middle of在……中间 in the end最后
by the way顺便说一下 in the distance在远处
in the way挡道 on the whole总的说来
at the same time同时 on the other hand另一方面
to tell the truth说实话 for the time being暂时
on the spot在现场 not in the least一点也不
the other day前几天 take the place of代替
at the moment此刻，目前 to the point中肯，切题
make the most/best of充分利用
[活学巧练] 单句语法填空
①[2021·河北百校联盟联考]Table tennis is a fast，demanding sport and has ________ most players of all sports in the world.
②[2021·福建莆田质检]Among ________“four new great inventions”，online shopping was invented and pioneered by Michael Aldrich in the U. K. in 1979.
③He tapped her on ________ shoulder, saying“Hi！I have been looking for you for such a long time！”
答案：①the ②the ③the
考点三 零冠词
零冠词的用法
1. 不可数名词、复数名词表泛指，用零冠词。
Keeping a diary is a good habit，by which you'll make great progress.
坚持写日记是一个可以让你取得巨大进步的好习惯。
Telephones are still playing an important role in people's life.
电话在人们的生活中仍然起着重要的作用。
2. 称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作表语、补足语或同位语时，不加冠词。
Dr Peter Spence，headmaster of the school，told us，“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford or Cambridge. ”
这所学校的校长彼得·斯彭思博士告诉我们说：“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”
3. 月、季、星期、节假日、洲前，三餐、球类、惯用语前，学科、棋类名词前，用零冠词。
in spring在春天 on Sunday在星期天
play football踢足球 play chess下象棋
have breakfast/lunch/supper吃早饭/午饭/晚饭
4. as/though引导的让步状语从句中，如果作表语的名词置于句首，该名词前不用冠词。
Hero as/though he is，he has some shortcomings.
尽管他是个英雄，但也有一些缺点。
5. 与by连用的表示交通工具、通信工程的名词前不用冠词。
Are you going there by plane or by ship?
你是乘飞机还是乘船去那里？
6. 系动词turn(变成)后的单数名词作表语不用冠词。
His brother has turned writer.
他弟弟已成为一名作家。
7. “名词＋介词短语”的独立主格结构中，名词前不用冠词。
The teacher came in，book in hand.
老师手里拿着一本书走了进来。
8. 高考中常见的纯不可数名词，不能与不定冠词连用。这些词有baggage，luggage，furniture，health，weather，fun，space(太空)，advice，word(＝news)，progress，information，luck，wealth(财产)等。
9. 零冠词用于固定搭配中。
at present目前 take part in参加
in peace平静地 by chance/accident碰巧
on purpose故意地 on second thoughts转念间
ahead of time提前 in advance提前
by law根据法律 by mistake错误地
under repair处于维修中 lose heart灰心
day and night日日夜夜 from morning till night从早到晚
out of control失控 out of work失业
in danger处于危险之中 at risk有危险
10. 有无冠词的短语的区别。
冠词是位于名词之前，说明名词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词，它不能离开名词而单独存在。语法填空题中，重点考查冠词的基本用法，另外冠词活用及习惯搭配是考查重点。
[典题试做]
单句语法填空
1. [2019·全国卷Ⅱ]When we got a call saying she was shortlisted，we thought it was ________ joke.
2. [2019·浙江卷]Everybody wears ________ same style of clothes.
3. [2018·全国卷Ⅲ]Unexpectedly，I'm facetoface with the gorilla，who begins screaming at ________ top of her lungs.
4. [2018·全国卷Ⅱ]Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ________ past 25 years，while rice has increased only 7 percent.
5. [2017·全国卷Ⅲ]Instead，she is earning ￡6,500 a day as ________ model in New York.
答案：1. a 2. the 3. the 4. the 5. a
[高效演练]
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. [2021·湖北鄂东南教育教学改革联盟模拟]Produced by China Central Television(CCTV) and the Ministry of Education(MOE)，“First Class for New Semester” has become ________ mandatory viewing activity for parents and students on the first day of the fall semester.
2. [2021·浙江金丽衢十二校二次联考]10% of life is made up of what happens to you and 90% of life is decided by how you react. What does this mean? Let us use ________ example.
3. [2021·山东师大附中五次模拟]Whether you are interested in basic communication, scholarly research，or pursuing a career in China, standard Mandarin is ________ necessary tool for communication.
4. [2021·闽粤赣“三省十校”联考]Jinan, the capital city of East China's Shandong Province, hosted ________ international winter swimming competition at Daming Lake Scenic Area.
5. [2021·湖北孝感二次联考]Xu Jin was born in a medical family. Under ________ influence of his family，he chose his medical specialty without hesitation.
6. As he approached the bridge，the sound got louder and then he saw ________ pitiful sight.
7. Recently when he took ________ look at his collection of books，he discovered the old book borrowed 61 years ago.
8. But a parent of another child came up with ________ even better idea—getting the whole class to learn sign language along with Zejd.
答案：1. a 2. an 3. a 4. an 5. the 6. a 7. a 8. an
Ⅱ. 语法填空(冠词专练)
When I walked down 1. ________ Third Avenue，as 2. ________ rule，I used to look into the windows of 3. ________ old shop that sold old and beautiful things. Since I often took my walk after the closing time，I cupped my hands against 4. ________ windows to get 5. ________ small look at the treasures inside.
Some things looked as if they had not been noticed for 6. ________ long time，but I knew their beauty was still there beneath their own surface. I even thought they were 7. ________ most beautiful that I had ever seen. That was how I felt about old people，too. I knew their value，and it hurt me when others missed it. I was raised by my grandmother and given 8. ________ deep sense of the value of experience. Taught to behave well，my sister and I respected other people，regardless of their age or colour. My grandmother was loved by all 9. ________ people around her. She was known to be 10. ________ wise and kind woman，who was able to do things well even in her last years.
Old people should be treated as fine gold. They may be gradually tarnished(失去光泽) by age，but they can be polished with respect. You might be surprised by their bright and shining qualities.
答案：1. the 2. a 3. an 4. the 5. a 6. a 7. the 8. a
9. the 10. a