工程管理3000字外文文献翻译
工程项目施工进度控制技术研究
陈晨[A]；何文正[B]；陈军[A]
【摘要】施工进度管理在工程管理过程中是一个非常重要的过程，它将影响工程项目的整体定位和施工质量，并具有一定的动态性，贯穿于工程建设的每一个过程。而在工程项目的施工过程中对施工进度进行强有力的、可管理的控制，不仅会对工程的按期交付产生重大影响，而且会对整个实体的形象和效益产生影响。
【关键词】工程项目；进度控制；影响因素；保证措施
介绍
与投资控制和质量控制一样，所谓的工程进度控制也是工程管理的一部分，它不仅可以保证工程的合理进行，而且有助于资源的有效配置和调配。同时也是降低工程造价、节约成本、提高经济效益的重要措施这也是保证工程按期交付、合理的资源供应和安排、节约工程造价的重要措施。
1.工程进度控制原理和方法
1.1进度控制理论
所谓进度控制，是指在事先确定合理有效的工程进度计划的基础上，对工程项目在规定期限内的整个施工过程进行监视、指导、检查和纠正的一种行动程序。而该项目的既定期限包括从工程开工到工程竣工的施工活动占用时间。项目工期的具体目标包括：总进度计划中实现的项目总工期目标；分进度计划（采购、设计、施工等）或二级进度计划中实现的项目工期目标；进度计划中实现的里程碑目标。每个阶段的计划。
1.2动态控制原理
工程项目进度控制是工程项目建设过程中伴随着工程项目实施的一个过程，是一个动态的过程，而不是一个静态的过程，是一个循环的过程。从工程项目开始，进度计划就进入了运行阶段，也就是说进度计划已经进入了实施阶段。如果出现偏差，应分析对于偏差具体原因，并采取相应的措施和解决方案，还需要调整进度计划，使新的计划与实际相适应，在新的衔接点上实现协同工作，并根据新计划的调整，全力进行工程。
1.3系统原理
在进行项目进度控制的过程中，第一步应编制工程项目的各项计划，包括进度计划方案的编制应坚持从大到细的原则，其内容应以草图中的细节为基础，形成整个工程项目的总体方案体系。不同的施工人员应建立一种组织体系，形成项目的整体组织结构体系为保证项目如期顺利实施，应指派专人对项目的各个过程进行监督检查。
1.4闭式循环原理
所谓项目进度控制的全过程实际上是一种循环仪式，其活动由编制计划、检查实施计划、比较分析、确定调整措施、整改计划等组成，形成了一个相对封闭的循环系统而进度控制过程是一个闭环下的连续运行过程。
1.5信息原理
信息是项目进度控制的重要依据。项目进度计划所涉及的所有信息自上而下地传递给负责项目详细实施工程施工进度控制和研究的相关人员，使计划得以实施和例行实施。但是，与项目相关的信息自下而上反馈给各部门，帮助他们做出决策并及时调整，以保证项目计划工期的正常执行。
1.6柔韧性原理
香满园作为一项工程，其特点之一是工期长，影响因素多。对于参与编制进度计划的工人来说，这需要他们根据自己的工程经验，根据各种可能发生的因素和影响进度的各种可能性，对进度计划目标进行分析，确定进度计划目标时对其进行风险估计，为进度计划的时间预留空间。在进行工程进度控制时，可以充分利用这些灵活的工时，有利于调整所有工程的衔接，使工程及时达到自身的限期目标。
1.7网络计划技术原理
网络计划图不仅可以用于制定进度计划目标，还可以应用于进度计划的优化设计、设计和管理。网络计划作为一门科学课程，不仅可以实现对进度的科学管理，而且是工程项目进度计划控制的一项非常有效的措施，特别是在工程项目相对复杂的大规模进度控制中，其优势更加明显。
1.8进度控制措施原理
工程项目进度控制措施将对项目合同工期目标进行层层分解，以循环理论为指导，经常将实际值与目标值进行比较，以便及时调整措施。协调各承包单位之间的进度关系。
1.9进度控制方法
工程项目进度控制是一项非常复杂、全面、完整性较高的工作。这仅仅是因为在进度计划中实施的每一个环节的总工期都会对项目的进度计划产生影响。因此，我们必须在各个方面实施一定的方法，以便于进度的控制。运用系统的工程管理方法，编制网络计划只是一个起点，关键是如何按照进度计划的时间线进行控制，以保证计划的实现。为了实现这一目标，所采取的进度控制方法包括：
（a）加强组织管理。从时间安排上看，网络计划非常紧凑，需要参与施工的施工人员和管理人员相互协调工作有条不紊地从整体出发，统一安排劳动力、材料、机械，成为组织机构中全体工程技术人员必须遵守的文件，为网络计划的实施创造有利条件。
（b）为保证总目标的实现，对所有限时强调的子网计划进行控制。严格确定相关职责，制定总体目标、阶段目标和节点目标的综合控制方法。（c）网络计划的详细执行情况应与经济责任相联系。对网络计划内容、节点时间的具体要求实行分层负责制，同时规定网络计划实施过程中对实施绩效的考核指标使工程进度中的要求、安全、质量、文明施工得到很好的落实。
（d）目前，我们常用的计划指标是以网络计划为基础的。首先，围绕工程的总体建设，编制工程的总体规划和子网规划，将对工程的宏观调控起到至关重要的作用。其次，在网络计划的指导下，分别制定年、月、日工作目标，下发到各工作组实施。第三，在实施网络计划的过程中，要充分处理好劳动力与物资的相互关系。第四，在保证工程质量的前提下，利用网络计划的要点进行评估。
2.影响工程进度表的因素
2.1业主的因素
业主为了自身的既得利益，一般会对工程进度给予高度的关注，但过于仓促和粗暴的推进会产生多快好省的效果。为了保证工程进度，业主会不惜一切风险缩短工程工期，往往不会为工程提供非常合理的工期，这会使整个工程自始至终处于被动的局面。
2.2来自主管的因素
作为主管，公平和程序是其工作的首要信念但是，目前有不少监理单位把进度控制放在质量控制之下，过分强调质量，片面地认为工程进度控制是施工能力问题，即使监理方已经对其进行了控制。效果不够理想而这种思想使得监理单位对工程进度进行了控制。根据我们的市场调查分析，目前监理单位的进度控制完全是被动控制。
这种情况下的日程安排将受到严重影响从工程实例来看，进度控制只有进行预控才能产生实际效果。目前，许多监理单位引进了许多先进的管理软件，如bim等。然而，利用电子计算机技术开展监理工作的企业并不多，这种高效的工具也没有得到充分的发挥和发挥。监理单位应当引进更多的技术和技能人才，利用先进的管理技术对进度控制进行调整和控制。
2.3承包商因素
从工地上，我们知道，施工单位的技术人员对进度的控制非常薄弱，他们甚至不知道如何对进度进行控制。这意味着，由于技术人员的短缺，导致他们不知道如何处理许多技术要求，施工方案难以确定，甚至造成返工等严重影响，将对整个工程的工期产生提前影响同时，为了按照部分业主的意愿，施工单位将在没有任何合理依据的情况下随机编制进度计划而且，施工单位对进度与工程造价的关系不清楚，在工程招标阶段不考虑进度控制的关键问题，一旦出现问题，将给施工单位造成巨大损失。最终工程无法及时交付，形成恶性循环。
2.4其他因素
勘察资料不够准确，甚至有误差，地质条件不能真实反映；图纸与实际情况不符，专业工种配合不够紧密等；设备维护以及其他不可预见的不可抗力因素等。
3.工程进度保证方法
3.1施工人员的保证
在人员构成方面，必须配备一定比例的工程施工人员，这些人员应具备相关经验，特别是对工程质量、进度、成本等综合因素的控制能力。为确定工程的目标工期，应保证所需的全部劳动力、材料、机械能满足工程需要。合同签订后，项目主要负责人和管理人员应及时到位，编制项目施工进度计划，并与当地居民保持良好的联系，努力为周边地区创造良好的环境，以得到当地居民的理解和支持当地居民。项目投产前，应结合施工现场情况，做好临时设备的组装和施工准备工作，编制项目施工方案。并针对本工程的关键施工阶段和难点编制具体的指导手册，报监理工程师批准，这些方法可尽量缩短施工准备时间以保证更快地进入现场。在施工过程中，应进行标准化施工，并按有关规范进行监督控制，并按质量管理标准编制年度、月度进度计划。通过合理安排工序，可以实现平行、顺利施工，加快施工进度。在合理的施工组织和科学的工作指导下，合理安排工序，实现平行、顺利施工，加快施工进度。还要求建立分析会议制度，通过会议对施工程序进行分析，通过对各施工程序的分析，落实相应的措施，抓好重点工作，科学安排，利用可调整的工期，加快施工进度。同时，管理部门要充分利用经济杠杆的调节作用，有效调动广大工程人员的工作积极性。
3.2施工材料的保证
为保证工程的顺利进行，做好各项准备工作。提前完成所需的材料和部件，做好各种材料的验收工作，保证所有产品的质量。根据工程进度计划，施工单位应下发材料采购文件，并另行通知。以便在签订采购合同时，除质量要求外，还应明确说明交货时间和地点。
在实际工程中，一些需要的材料由施工单位提供，这些材料很容易预控，如材料的规格、颜色、质地，如果施工单位认为与实际工程不符，与施工单位协调沟通，及时更换。对一些需要授权部门检验的产品，如防火门、耐火材料等，在得到某些部门的检验报告后，方可使用，所有的工作都应事先安排好，以保证工程的顺利进行。
3.3施工机械的保证
本工程施工机械对施工进度的影响也很大，如塔机，塔机的工作会对整个施工进度产生影响。因此，塔式起重机在架设基础时要对塔式起重机进行组装，需要专门负责人进行现场监督。所有使用的设备都要经过检验部门的检验，操作人员要有上岗证和塔吊操作证等。施工单位实行岗位责任制，严格要求，按操作规程执行，保证整个工程安全顺利进。
3.4冬雨季施工的保证
在进入冬季施工期前，应先编制冬季施工计划，如冬季施工材料的采购、温度控制等钢筋构件的焊接工作应在室内进行，混凝土工程的施工应使用规范规定的防冻剂，机械、设备应做防冻处理，如加入防冻剂等。浇筑后的混凝土应进行后处理，如用保温膜覆盖等。
结论
工程项目进度控制是影响工程工期的关键，也是关系到整个工程按期、顺利交付和施工企业经济效益的关键，在保证工程质量的前提下提出了优化进度目标、进行进度控制的方法，以产生较好的经济效益，作为施工单位，要更加重视进度控制的影响，监理单位要学会如何优化工期，利用管理软件提高服务水平。
参考文献
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附件
Studies on Construction Schedule Control Technology in Engineering Projects
CHEN Chen[a] ; HE Wenzheng[b] ; CHEN Jun[a]
[Abstract]Construction schedule management during the process of engineering management is a very important process, it will influence the whole orientation and construction quality of the engineering project, and featuring a certain dynamics in the process, it is also running through every process of engineering construction. And conducting powerful and manageable control to the construction schedule during the construction process of engineering project will not only generate great influence on the scheduled delivery of the engineering, but also generate influence on the image and benefits of the whole entity.
[Key words]Engineering project; Schedule control; Influence factors; Guaranteeing measures
Introduction
Just like investment control and quality control, the so called engineering schedule control is part of engineering management, it will not only be used to guarantee the reasonable proceeding of engineering, but also can contribute to the efficient resources layout and deployment, and it is still a very important measure to reduce the engineering cost of the project,save the cost and improve economic performance. It is also a significant measure to guarantee the scheduled delivery of the engineering, the reasonable resource supply and arrangement, as well as save the cost of the engineering.
1. Engineering Schedule Control Principle And Measures
1.1 Schedule Control Theory
The so called schedule control means a kind of action procedure to monitor, guide, inspect and rectify the entire construction process within the established time limit for the project based on the determined reasonable and efficient engineering schedule and plan in advance. And the established time limit for the project consists of occupied time of the construction action from commencement of work to the completion of works for the project. The specific targets of the time limit for the project include: The overall time limit target of the project realized in the overall schedule plan; the time limit target for the project realized by the sub-schedule plan (procurement, design, construction and so on) or the secondary schedule plan; the milestone target realized by the schedule plan in each of the stage.
1.2 Dynamic Control Principle
The schedule control of the project is a proceeding process which is accompanying with the implemented engineering of the project during the construction of the engineering project, it is a dynamic process, but not a static process, furthermore, it is a circularly conducted process. Since the beginning of the engineering project, the schedule has entered into the run phase, which means the schedule plan has come into the stage of implementation. If any deviation occurred, it shall analyze the specific reasons for the deviation, and take the corresponding measures and solutions, it also needs to adjust the schedule plan to make the new plan come with the practice and realize coordinated working in the new connecting points, and it shall make every effort to conduct the project according to the adjustment of the new plan.
1.3 Systematic Principle
During the process of conducting schedule control of the project, the first step shall prepare each of the plans for the engineering project, including the schedule plan. The preparation of the plan shall insist on the principle of from the big image to the detailed image, and its contents shall be based on the details from the sketch image, so as to form the overall plan system for the entire engineering project. And different constructors shall establish a kind of organizational system, and form the overall organizational and structural system for the project. As well as in order to guarantee the smooth implementation of the project as scheduled, it shall assign the dedicated person to conduct supervision and inspection to each process of the project.
1.4 Closed Circulated Principle
The overall process of the so called schedule control for the project is a kind of circulated ritual in fact, its activities constitute of preparing the plan, inspection and implement plans, comparing and analyzing, confirming and adjusting measures and rectifying the plans, which has formed a relatively closed circulated system. And the schedule control process is a continuous running process under the closed circle.
1.5 Information Principle
Information is a very important basis for the schedule control of the project. All information involved in the schedule plan of the project are delivered from up to down, to the related workers who are responsible for the schedule control and research on the detailed implemented engineering construction of the project, so as to make the plan implement and carry out routinely. However, information related to the project is feedback to each department from down to up, so as to help them make decisions and make timely adjustment, in order to guarantee the normal performance of the planned schedule time limit for a project.
1.6 Flexibility Principle
As a kind of engineering, one of the features of Xiang man yuan is its long term time limit and with many influenced factors. In terms of the workers who are engaged in preparing schedule plan, it requires him or her, based on their own engineering experience, conducting analysis to the target of the schedule and estimate the risks of it when confirming the target of the schedule based on all kinds of possibly occurred factors and all the possibilities that influenced the schedule, so as to preserve space for the time of the schedule. And when conducting the schedule controlling of the project, these flexible working hours can be fully used, so as to be benefited for the adjustment of the connections of all the works, and to make the project realize its own time limit target timely.
1.7 Network Plan Technical Principle
The network planning chart can be used not only to establish schedule plan target, but also can be applied to the optimized design, designing and management of the schedule plan. As a science course, networking planning can not only realize the scientific management to the schedule, but also a very efficient measure to the schedule plan control of the engineering project, especially in the relatively complex large-scale schedule control of the project, its strengths are more obvious.
1.8 Schedule Control Measures
The schedule control measures of the engineering project will decompose the target of the time limit for the Project Contract layer by layer, guided by the circulated theory, it will often conduct comparison between the practical values with the target value, so as to adjust the measures timely, as well as coordinating the relations of the schedules among different contracted units.
1.9 Schedule Control Methods
The schedule control of the engineering project is a very complex, overall work with higher integrity. This is just because each link implemented in the schedule of the overall time limit will do affect the schedule plan of the project. Therefore, we must implement a certain method in each area so as to facilitate the control of the schedule. Making use of systematic engineering management methods, preparing network plan is just an initial point, and the key points are how to conduct controls according to the timeline of the schedule, so as to guarantee the realization of the plan. In order to realize this target, the schedule control methods carried out include the following:
(a) It shall enhance the organizational management. From the aspect of time arrangement, the network plan is very compact, it requires mutually coordinated working of the engaged constructors and the managers. In order words, it shall arrange the workforce, materials and machines uniformly through setting out from the overall entirety, and it shall become the papers that must be obeyed by all the engineering workers in organizational structures, so as to create favorable conditions for the implementation of the network plan.
(b) In order to guarantee the realization of the overall target, it shall conduct control to all the sub network plans which are emphasized by the time limit. Furthermore, it shall determine the related duties strictly, and set out the comprehensive controlling methods for the overall target, phase target and node target.
(c)The detailed implementation performance of the network plan shall be linked with the economically duty related systems. It shall carry out layer responsibility system to the specific requirements of the network plan contents, node time, at the same time, it shall also stipulate the assessment indexes to the implementation performance during network plan. So as to make the requirements, safety, quality and civilized construction in engineering schedule fulfilled well.
(d) At present, our commonly used plan index is based on the network plan. First of all, focusing on the overall construction of the project, preparing the overall and sub network plans of the process will play an essential part in the macro control of the engineering. Secondly, with the guiding of the network plan, we can prepare the yearly, monthly and daily working targets respectively, then issued to each working group to carry out. Thirdly, during the process of implementing network plan, it mush deal with the mutual relations between the labor force and the materials sufficiently. Fourthly, on the premise of guaranteeing the quality of the engineering, it shall make use of the key points of the network plan to conduct the assessment.
2 . Influenced Factors of Engineering Schedule
2.1 Factor From the Owner
The owner will pay a tight attention to the schedule of the engineering generally for the sake of their vested interests, but their over-hastiness and harsh push will result in an effect of more haste less speed. In order to guarantee engineering schedule, the owners will shrink the time limit of the engineering at all risks, often they will not provide a very rational time limit for the project, which will make the overall engineering under the passive situation from beginning to the end.
2.2 Factor From Supervisor
As a supervisor, fairness and procedure are the number one belief of their works. However, at present, there are a log of supervision units take the schedule control under the quality control, and lay excessive emphasis on the quality, and they considered the schedule control the engineering to be an issue of construction capacity unilaterally, even though the supervision party has conducted control to it, the effect is not satisfied enough. And this kind of thought has made the supervision unit to release the control to the engineering schedule. According to our market survey and analysis, the current schedule control of the supervision units are all passive control at all.
The schedule under this situation will be compromised significantly. From the aspect of practical examples of engineering, the schedule control will not generate practical effect until it has conducted pre-control. At present, many supervision units have introduced many advanced management software, such as BIM and so on. However, there are not too many enterprises that making use of electronic computer technologies to conduct supervision works, and this kind of efficient tool has not been fully exerted and given full play at all. And supervision units shall introduce more technical and skilled talents, making use of advanced management technologies to conduct adjustment and control of the schedule control.
2.3 Factor From Contractors
From the construction site, we know that, the technical personnel of the construction units have very weak control to the schedule control, and they even don’t know how to conduct control to it. It means that, for the sake of shortage of technical personnel, it results a situation that they have no idea how to deal with many technical requirements, and it is difficult to confirm the construction scheme, even result in reworks and other serious effects, which will have advance influence to the time limit of the overall engineering. At the same time, in order to in accordance with the will of some owners, the construction units will prepare schedule plan randomly without any rational basis. Furthermore, the construction units have no clear understand to the relations between the schedule and the cost of the engineering, and they will not take the key issues of schedule control into consideration during the bidding stage of the engineering, and if any problems occurred, it will result in great loss to them, finally the engineering can’t be delivered timely and such a vicious circle.
2.4 Other Factors
The survey and exploration data are not accurate enough, even some errors, and the geological conditions can not be reflected authentically; there are discrepancies between the drawings and the practical conditions, the coordination between the professional types of works are not close enough and so on; equipment maintenance and other unpredicted force majeure factors and so on.
3 . Guaranteeing Methods of Engineering Schedule
3.1 Guaranteeing Methods of Constructors
In the aspect of staff composition, it must deploy a certain percentage of engineering construction personnel, and these people shall be equipped with related experience, especially with the controlling capacity of the engineering quality, schedule, cost and other factors overall. In order to confirm the targeted time limit of the project, it shall guarantee all the required labor force, materials, machines can meet the demands of the engineering. After signing the Contract, the chief responsible persons and the managers for the Project shall be in position timely, to prepare the construction schedule plan for the project, meanwhile, they shall contact with the local residents well, and make every efforts to create benign environment for the surrounding areas, and so as to get the understanding and supports from the local residents. Before the commerce of the project, it shall do well in the assembling of the temporary equipment and the construction preparations through combining with the conditions of the construction site, as well as preparing the construction scheme of the project. Furthermore, it shall prepare the specific guiding manuals to the key construction stages and difficulty points of the engineering, and these manuals shall be submitted to the supervising engineers for approval, these above mentioned methods can be used to cut the preparation time of the construction as far as possible, to guarantee the sooner entrance to the sites. During the construction, it shall conduct standardized construction, and conduct supervision and control according to the related specifications, and it shall also prepare yearly, monthly schedule plans in accordance with the quality management standards. Through arranging the work procedures reasonably, it can realize paralleled and smooth construction, so as to accelerate the construction schedule. Under the guiding of the reasonable construction organization and scientific works, it shall arrange the work procedures reasonably, and realize paralleled and smooth working, and so as to accelerate the construction schedule. It also requires establishing analyzed meeting system, the construction procedure shall be analyzed by the meetings, and carry out the corresponding measures through analyzing each construction procedure, it shall grasp the key works, scientific arrange can make use of the adjustable time schedule to accelerate the construction schedule. At the same time, the management department shall make full use of the adjustment effect of the economic leverage to mobilize the working activities of the wide engineering personnel efficiently .
3.2 Guaranteeing Methods of Construction Materials
In order to guarantee the smooth proceeding of the engineering, it shall prepare all the required materials and components ahead of the schedule, and do the acceptance works of all kinds of materials, to guarantee the quality of all the products. According to the schedule plan of the engineering, the construction units shall issue material purchasing documents and make further notification. So that when signing the purchasing contract, it shall also clearly explain the delivery time and place except for the requirements of the quality.
During the practical engineering, some of the required materials are provided by the construction units, and these materials are very easy to pre-controlled, such as the specification, color, textures of the materials, if the construction units thought it is not in conformance with the practical engineering, it shall coordinate and communication with the construction units to replace timely. To some products that require inspection by the authorized departments, such as the fireproof doors, flame resistant materials and so on, it shall not be used until they got the inspection reports of some departments, and all the works shall be pre-arranged to guarantee the smooth proceeding of the engineering .
3.3 Guaranteeing Methods in Construction Machines
The influence of construction machines of the engineering to the construction schedule is also significant, such as the tower crane, the working of the tower crane will generate influence on the schedule of the overall construction. Hence, to the tower crane at the erecting of the foundation to the assembling of the tower crane, it requires dedicated responsible person to conduct site supervision. And all the used equipment shall be inspected by the inspection department, and the operators shall be equipped with work license and tower crane operation license and so on. The construction units shall carry out post responsibility system, carry out strict requirements and implement according to the operation specifications, so as to guarantee the safe and smooth proceeding of the overall engineering.
3.4 Guaranteeing Methods of Construction in Winter and Rainy Seasons
Before entering into the winter construction period, it shall prepare winter construction plan first; for example, the procurement of winter construction materials, temperature control and so on. The welding works of reinforcing steel bar components shall be carried out indoor, and the construction to the concrete engineering shall use anti-freezing agent that is specified by the specifications, and the machines, equipments shall do anti-freezing treatment, such as adding anti-freezing agents and so on, the concrete after pouring shall conduct post processing, such as covering by heat preservation films etc.
Conclusion
The schedule control of the engineering project is the key that influence the time limit of the project, but also related to the scheduled and smooth delivery of the overall engineering, as well as the economic benefits of the construction enterprises, on the premise of guaranteeing the quality of the engineering, it shall carry out suitable methods to optimize the targets of the schedule, and conduct schedule control, so as to generate better economic benefits, as the construction units, it shall pay more attention to the influence of the schedule control, and the supervising units shall learn how to optimize the time limit for the project, and make use of the management software to improve their service level.
References
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