【经岚传递】同业互查的有效性和风险

【经岚传递】16L44

同业互查的风险：来自公共渔业资源架构实地实验的证据

——[读论文]之“环境经济政策分析”系列

编译/XB

本期【经岚传递】所介绍的是来自于Gioia de Melo, Matías Piaggio发表在Ecological Economics（120 (2015) 376–393）上的“The perils of peer punishment: Evidence from a common pool resource framed field experiment”一文。

文章摘要

文章对在乌拉圭小型渔业社区开发公共渔业资源过程中进行同业互查的效应进行了实验研究。文章采取了群体内和跨群体的混合处理方法。文章比较了社会惩罚（同业惩罚）在不同情境下的作用，一种情境是个体开发了属于其他社区的公共渔业资源，另一种情境则是个体仅仅开发属于他们自身社区的渔业资源。比较分析发现，相比于群内开发，混合开发更容易受到同业惩罚的影响，从而减少对资源的开发水平。在控制了惩罚可能性因素的情况下，以上两组的开发水平没有明显的区别。同时，无论是哪一个组别，都呈现出事实上的反社会惩罚（antisocial punishment)特性，体现为那些受到不公平惩罚的人们会提高公共渔业资源的开采量。文章认为，社会惩罚的有效性之所以在削弱，是因为合作并非唯一的社会规范。本文的研究表明要使同业惩罚有效，有必要加强合作，来预防反社会的公共渔业资源开发，以及充分发挥惩罚的社会信号作用。

Abstract

We provide experimental evidence on the effects of social disapproval by peers among communities of Uruguayan small-scale fishers exploiting a common pool resource (CPR). We combined this treatment with an in-group (groups froma single community)/mixed group (groups composed of fishers fromdifferent communities) treatment. Our aimis to compare the effects of social disapproval in a context inwhich individuals exploiting a CPR belong to different communities relative to the case in which only individuals from the same community are allowed to exploit the resource.We find that mixed groups—unlike in-groups—reduce their exploitation of the resource in response to the threat of punishment. We do not find any differences in behavior between ingroups and mixed groups when the possibility of being punished is not available. Both in in-groups and mixed groups there is substantial antisocial punishment, which leads to increased extraction of the CPR by those who

are unfairly punished. We interpret that the effectiveness of social disapproval is reduced because cooperation was not perceived as the unique social norm. These findings indicate that effective peer punishment requires coordination to prevent antisocial targeting and to clarify the social signal conveyed by punishment.

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