史上最狠数据保护法来袭,谁是最大输家?

1

导读


GDPR是什么?

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听力|精读|翻译|词组

Privacy and advertising

隐私与广告

英文部分选自经济学人Business版块

GDParrgh...

史上最严苛的数据保护法来袭

Who will be the main loser from Europe’s new data-privacy law?

谁将成为欧盟最新数据隐私保护条例的最大输家?

GDPR will frustrate the ad-tech industry’s need for reams of personal data

《通用数据保护条例》将阻止广告技术行业不知餍足地索取海量个人数据

“PLEASE don’t leave us.” From the dozens of e-mails in people’s inboxes, begging them to give their consent to be sent further messages, you could deduce that the senders of newsletters and the like are hardest hit by the European Union’s tough new privacy law, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which goes into effect on May 25th. But the main loser may well be an industry that few have ever heard of but most have dealings with every day: advertising technology, or ad tech. In fact, the GDPR would probably not exist at all were it not for this collection of companies, which have an insatiable hunger for personal data.

“请不要抛弃我们”这句话在网络用户收到的电子邮件中频频出现,恳请用户同意继续接收讯息。由此可以推断,5月25日,欧盟颁布实施了颇为严苛的新隐私保护法《通用数据保护条例》(GDPR)后,这些讯息的推送者及类似群体遭遇了有史以来最严重的打击。然而,最大的输家最有可能是一个大家极少听说但却每天都会接触到的行业:广告技术,简称广技(ad tech)。其实,如果不是因为这个行业永不知足地采集用户的个人信息,GDPR可能不会存在。

注释:

1. GDPR 衍生阅读之对中国企业的影响

http://tech.sina.com.cn/it/2018-05-28/doc-ihcaquev4487108.shtml

Ad tech emerged because advertising is the internet’s default business model. Since targeted ads tend to be more efficient and targeting requires personal data (sites previously visited, searches in online stores and the like), these data became the fuel of a new industry to automate online advertising. It is so complex that even experts often resort to what is known as “LUMAscape”, a collection of maps of the business packed with logos put together by Luma Partners, a bank. It lists hundreds of firms in 18 different subcategories.

广告作为互联网默认营销模式,使得广告技术行业应运而生。精准的广告投放会更为有效,而要做到精准定向就需要掌握个人数据(如网页浏览历史、网店商品搜索记录等),这些数据加速了这个新兴行业的发展,实现了网络广告的自动定向投放。广告技术如此复杂,以至于专家都要经常求助于无人不晓的“LUMA网络广告生态体系图” (“LUMAscape”),该图谱是美国投资银行Luma Partners收集了众多公司的logo整合而成,涵盖了18个细分领域中的几百家公司。

注:

1.LUMA Partners是一家知名的美国投资银行,专注于数字媒体和营销技术,面向行业人士、投资人和创业者提供战略建议。其著名的研究报告LUMAscape专栏,发布数字媒体营销技术领域产业生态研究,对投资、创业、专业人士来说,如同灯塔般启发你:产业生态是什么?你在哪儿?你可以利用什么创新业务和技术?你的生态关系是什么,有什么协作可能性?创业机会在哪儿?还有哪些创新领域在生态有哪些价值意义?

2. LUMAscape 阅读参考

http://www.rtbchina.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/LUMA-Landscape2010-12-12.jpg

One cause for this fragmentation is the generosity of over-optimistic venture capitalists, who have backed even the most unlikely ad-tech ideas. Another is the nature of the beast: many cogs have to mesh to match people and ads in real-time. The fact that personal data are widely shared with lots of companies creates even more business complexity—but also makes the system a favourite target of privacy advocates.

过分乐观的风险投资人的慷慨投入是广告技术公司日趋细化的一个原因,他们甚至会投资那些最不可能实现的广告技术创意。另一个原因来自于无法更改的本性:各个环节必须相互配合才能使用户和广告实时匹配。众多公司广泛分享个人数据这一事实,创造了更为复杂多样的业务,但同时也使该系统成为隐私倡导者最喜欢攻击的目标。

Yet the “ad-tech bubble” has been deflating for some time, says Brian Wieser of Pivotal, a research firm. The industry thought that consumers would welcome “relevant” ads, but as these got more intrusive and creepy, people reacted by installing ad-blockers. Both Facebook and Google, ad-tech ecosystems unto themselves, have grabbed ever more ad dollars, leaving slim pickings for rivals. As a result, the industry was already consolidating.

然而,Pivotal研究公司的布莱恩· 威泽(Brian Wieser)表示,“广告技术泡沫”一直在消失。 业界认为消费者会欢迎“相关”广告,但由于这些广告令人烦不胜烦又毛骨悚然,人们只好安装广告拦截器来免受骚扰。 Facebook和谷歌,皆利用广告技术生态系统为自己争取到越来越多的广告资金,没有给竞争对手留下多少余地。 因此,该行业已处于兼并大潮中。

注释:

关于Pivotal 的衍生阅读

https://pivotal.io/

https://www.zhihu.com/question/22550880

The GDPR will speed up the process by, in effect, assigning a value to personal data. Under a realistic reading of the GDPR, most ad-tech firms will need consent from individuals to process their data. This will be hard, since most have no direct relationship with consumers. And even if they do, people are unlikely to approve being tracked across the web; only 3% would opt in, according to Johnny Ryan of PageFair, an ad-tech firm critical of the industry.

实际上,GDPR将会采取为个人数据赋值的方式来加速兼并进程。根据对GDPR的合理解读,大多数广告技术公司需要经过个人的同意才能采集处理他们的数据。这对他们来说极难实现,因为他们大多与消费者没有直接联系。即使他们与消费者有直接联系,消费者也不太可能同意自己在网络上被跟踪;批评该行业的广告拦截技术公司PageFair的约翰尼·瑞安(Johnny Ryan)表示,只有寥寥3%的人会接受被跟踪。

Reactions to GDPR have varied. Some ad-tech companies have pulled out of Europe. Others think they can get away with claiming “legitimate interest”, which is another legal basis for processing personal data allowed by the GDPR—an optimistic interpretation, and one that is likely to become obsolete with the ePrivacy directive, another privacy law the EU is working on. For its part, the European arm of the Interactive Advertising Bureau, a lobbying group, has released technical standards to ensure that an individual’s consent or the lack thereof is communicated across the advertising supply chain.

广告技术公司对GDPR的反应各有不同。一些公司已经撤出欧洲。其他公司则认为,根据GDPR准许采集处理个人数据的法律依据,他们可以声称“合法权益”来侥幸逃脱,,这不过是对GDPR的乐观解读而已,况且,欧盟正在制定另一部隐私法,“电子隐私指令”( ePrivacy directive),随着该指令的出台,这一依据很有可能遭到废弃。就应对本身而言,游说团体——互动广告局欧洲分部已经发布了技术标准,以确保个人同意与否的讯息传达到广告供应链中的每一环节。

Another tack is to try and use the GDPR to improve companies’ position in the market. Google has told all the websites and apps that use its ad-tech tools that they must get people’s consent. It also says that if they use its consent tool, they must limit their use of other ad-tech vendors. That has publishers up in arms. They worry it will make Google an even more dominant force in the online advertising market. Instead, they harbour hopes that the GDPR will end up helping them. The rise of ad tech meant that advertisers no longer targeted websites and apps, but people. If the law makes individual targeting more difficult, publishers will regain some control of customer relationships, says Jason Kint of Digital Content Next, a publisher group.

另一种策略是试图使用GDPR来提高公司在市场中的地位。谷歌已经告知所有使用其广告技术工具的网站和应用程序:他们必须得到用户的同意。并且,如果他们使用了谷歌的同意工具,就必须限制自身使用其他的广告技术供应商的产品。这让出版商们大为不满。他们担心这将使谷歌在网络广告市场上占据更大的优势。相反,他们暗自希望GDPR最终能帮到他们。广告技术的兴起意味着广告客户瞄准的不再是网站和应用程序,而是个人。出版商集团Digital Content Next的詹森·金特(Jason Kint)表示,如果该法律使得瞄准个体目标更难,出版商将重新获得对客户关系的控制权。

注释:

1. Digital Content Next is a nonprofit trade association that develops research, holds informational events and provides policy guidance for the digital content industry. It was known as the Online Publishers Association until May 2014. The organization represents more than 75 media companies based in the United States and abroad, with activities focused mostly in the U.S.

Early signs suggest that the ad-tech industry may indeed be turning away from individually targeting people, and not only in Europe. Google, for instance, has said it will offer ads that are less targeted at particular individuals. A group of media companies has launched TrustX, a non-profit ad exchange which does not allow people’s data to be shared by lots of other firms. If the GDPR strengthens this trend, consumers will breathe easier online—and not just because their inboxes will be emptier.

早期迹象表明,广告技术行业可能确实在从单独针对个体转向其他,而这种转向不仅仅发生在欧洲。例如,谷歌已经表示,它将减少提供针对特定个体的广告。一波媒体公司已经推出了“TrustX”,这是一个非营利的广告交流平台,禁止其他公司分享用户数据。如果GDPR能巩固这一趋势,消费者上网时会更加轻松,而这种轻松并不只是因为他们的收件箱会变得更空。

注释:

1. arrgh [är, ärɡ] 啊呀(表示惊愕、愤怒等的声音)used as an expression of anguish, horror, rage, or other strong emotion, often with humorous intent.ORIGIN: late 18th century: lengthened form of ah, expressing a prolonged cry.

2.insatiable |ɪnˈseɪʃəbl| adj. always wanting more of sth; not able to be satisfied 不知足的;无法满足的 栗子:There seems to be an insatiable demand for more powerful computers. 人们对于加强计算机功能的要求似乎永无止境。摘自《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》

3. resort to sth to make use of sth, especially sth bad, as a means of achieving sth, often because there is no other possible solution 诉诸;求助于;依靠; 同义词 have recourse to They felt obliged to resort to violence. 他们觉得有必要诉诸暴力。 [+ -ing 短语] We may have to resort to using untrained staff.我们也许只能使用未受过训练的员工了。 摘自《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》

4. 习语:(be) up in arms (about/over sth) (informal) (of a group of people 一群人) to be very angry about sth and ready to protest strongly about it 极力反对;强烈抗议;摘自《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》栗子: The tobacco merchants rose up in arms over the increase in taxes. 烟草商人对提高税率非常恼火.转自网络   相似习语 take up arms (against sb) to prepare to fight 拿起武器;准备战斗;操戈  摘自《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》 栗子:The country would certainly take up arms in its own defence. 这个国家一定会拿起武器捍卫自己。转自网络

翻译组:

Li Xia, 女, HR, 经济学人发烧友

Tru,女,金融民工,经济学人粉丝

Button,男,自由职业,经济学人爱好者

Roxanne,女,媒体民工,经济学人爱好者

校核组:

Li Xia, 女, HR, 经济学人发烧友

Ema, 女,外贸民工,经济学人粉丝

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观点|评论|思考

本次观点由VeRy独家奉献

VeRy,男,电气设计,经济学人爱好者

很幸运能够对推出GDPR产生相关种种进行评论,因为我们并不会遇到此类的困惑,至少很长一段时间内是如此的,对于我们而言,唯一的好处恐怕在于我们可以冷静地观察事态的发展变化,以及管理者们是如何在如此深刻和频繁变革的世界中找到至少看起来是较为合理的方式来进行规范的,这就如同我们在100多年前观察了世界上各种各样国家管理方式后最终主动并且被动地选择了一条道路来前行一般。

单纯就目前ad tech的本源而言,无非就是免费获取互联网种种好处的部分代价罢了,其实有一种比较理想且一劳永逸的道路可以走:上网的资费由上网目标的相应企业承担(事实上已经有相关理论证明这是一件正确的事),如此一来广告的投放和收益则名正言顺地同样由该企业承担,这就彻底解决了广告投放对于用户是否构成骚扰等的一系列问题,但是很可惜的是现实世界并没有沿着这条路前行,至少我们身处的这个宇宙是如此的。

这样一来就只能乖乖回到现实中了,究竟通过获悉用户的相关信息从而进行所谓的精准广告投放是否站得住脚。首先,获取的相关信息途径是什么,是获取付费用户在发送隐私邮件时的邮件内容吗,还是在自由浏览各类网站时留下的种种痕迹,至少后者目前某些地区会厚脸无耻地称之为大数据分析,并且频频爆出“杀熟”的事件。有人说这种行为的始作俑者是某地球之肺公司,但是这仅仅只是借口,发扬光大的还是另有其人。我认为如果已经对相关服务支付过费用了,那么再从该服务中提取相关信息来挪作他用赚取利益的话是站不住脚的,但如果仅仅是提供免费服务,则在提供服务的过程中进行相关的利益获取至少从合理性角度来讲是成立的,至于如何获利,应该获利的多少则是另外一个话题了。如果幻想仅仅提供免费的服务而不愿意付出一定的代价,这应该只是一厢情愿罢了,毕竟这种模式是无法维持的,即便是政府部门,也是在获得税收的前提下才会提供相应的公共服务,没有只奉献不索取的机构或公司,哪怕从物理学角度来说,只释放能量(提供服务)的话也无法达到能量平衡(收支平衡)呀(汗)!所以人们其实需要讨论的是如何规范和约束利益的获取,以及利益的多少,至少使之对于用户和公司来说是公平的,而不是仅仅对公司念紧箍咒,而无视用户在获取信息时该付出的对等代价。

在互联网的世界里我认为甚至可以提出一种货币,这种货币是信息的一般等价物,如同现实世界里金钱是价值的一般等价物一样,人们对于信息的渴望程度以及信息的稀有程度均构成了信息币的价值所在,人们便可以通过支付一定数额的信息币来获取自己所需的相关信息。但是我想在那个时代里,如果公司获取用户信息肯定是违法的行为,因为这种行为与偷窃一般无二。

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