《測圓海鏡》之太虛弦﹝7末篇﹞等式說
《測圓海鏡》之太虛弦﹝7末篇﹞等式說
上傳書齋名:瀟湘館112 Xiāo XiāngGuǎn 112
何世強 Ho Sai Keung
提要:《測圓海鏡》之“圓城圖式”含十四勾股形,連同原有之大勾股形共十五勾股形。此等勾股形三邊形成一系列之恆等式,本文主要談及各勾股形與太虛弦相關之等式,太虛弦在勾股形月山泛。
關鍵詞:太虛弦、
弦、虛黃、極雙差、傍差
《測圓海鏡》乃金‧李冶所撰,書成於 1248 年,時為南宋淳祐八年。該書卷一“圓城圖式”主要討論與十五勾股形相關之等式,本文介紹其部分等式並作出証明。
本文所引用之勾股式源自“圓城圖式”之十五勾股形,a1、b1、c1 乃最大勾股形天地乾之勾、股及弦長。故 a1、b1、c1 又稱為大勾﹝地乾﹞、大股﹝天乾﹞及大弦﹝天地﹞。
《測圓海鏡》涉及一系列之勾股恆等式,所有恆等式皆與十五勾股形有關。十五勾股形中最大者為天地乾,其三邊勾股弦分別以 a1、b1、c1 表之,其餘十四勾股形三邊勾股弦則分別以 ai、bi、ci 表之,其中 1 < i ≦ 15。但 ai、bi、ci 均可以 a1、b1、c1 表之,此乃《測圓海鏡》之精髓。注意勾股定理成立,即
ai2 + bi2 = ci2。
有關以 a1、b1、c1 表 ai、bi、ci 之式可參閱筆者另文〈《測圓海鏡》“圓城圖式”之十二勾股弦算法〉。
以下左為“圓城圖式”右為“圓城圖式十五句股形圖”。本文主要談及月山太虛弦,見下圖藍色三角形之斜邊。
筆者已有文談及太虛弦之等式名為〈《測圓海鏡》圓城圖之太虛弦﹝6﹞等式說〉,本文乃其延續。
上圖第 13 點為“泛”﹝一作“水”﹞,第 7點為“朱”,第 12 點為“心”,第 8 點為“青”。
注意圓徑為 a1 + b1 – c1,見上圖之東南西北圓。
以下為與太虛弦﹝在勾股形月山泛 13﹞有關之等式:
太虛弦:
內減
股即明勾。內加
弦即極勾。內減
弦為明勾內少個
小差。加入
和即兩個虛弦內少個平差也。內減
和即平差也。加入明
二和共即極和內少個虛黃也。若減於明
二和共即明股
勾共也。減於髙弦即明弦。減於平弦即
弦。加於角差即二明勾一極差也。減於角差即一極差二
股較也。得傍差即明股
勾共。內減傍差即太虛三事和內去了極雙差也﹝按雙差係勾弦差、股弦差﹞。內加虛差即二明勾。內減虛差即二
股。內加虛黃方即虛和。內減虛黃方即太虛大小差併也。
注意月山太虛弦﹝簡稱太虛弦﹞:c13 =
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1),見上圖。
注意等式 (c1 – b1)(c1 – a1) =
(a1 + b1 – c1)2,所以
太虛弦 c13 =
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1) =
(a1 – c1 + b1)2。
本文乃“諸弦”篇之末篇。
以下為各條目之証明:
內減
股即明勾。
已知山東股﹝又稱
股﹞:b15 =
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)。
太虛弦內減
股,即 c13 – b15 :
c13 – b15 =
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1) –
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)2 –
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)[
(a1 – c1 + b1) – (c1 – b1)]
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)(c1b1 + c1a1 – c12 – c1b1 + b12)
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)(c1a1 – c12 + b12)
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)(c1a1 – a12 – b12 + b12)
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)(c1a1 – a12)
=
(c1 – a1)(b1 – c1 + a1)。
已知南月勾﹝又稱明勾﹞:a14 =
(c1 – a1)(b1 – c1 + a1)。
比較兩式,可知太虛弦內減
股 = 明勾。
內加
弦即極勾。
山川
弦﹝簡稱
弦﹞:c15 =
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)。
太虛弦內加
弦,即:
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1) +
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)2 +
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)(a1 – c1 + b1 + c1 – b1)
=
(a1 – c1 + b1) × a1
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)。
已知皇極勾﹝川心﹞:a12 =
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)。
比較兩式,可知內加
弦 = 極勾。
減於
弦為明勾內少個
小差。
已知
弦:c15 =
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)。
太虛弦減於
弦,即:
–
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1) +
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1)
= –
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1) +
(a1 – c1 + b1)2
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)[ – (c1 – b1) + (a1 – c1 + b1)]
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)( – c1 + b1 + a1 – c1 + b1)
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)( –2c1 + 2b1 + a1)。
已知明勾:a14 =
(c1 – a1)(b1 – c1 + a1)。
“
小差”即
弦上股弦較 = c15 – b15 。
c15 – b15=
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1) –
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)
=
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)[
– 1]
=
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)(c1 – b1)
=
(c1 – b1)2(a1 – c1 + b1) 。
“明勾內少個
小差”即:
(c1 – a1)(b1 – c1 + a1) –
(c1 – b1)2(a1 – c1 + b1)
=
(b1 – c1 + a1)[(c1 – a1) –
(c1 – b1)2]
=
(b1 – c1 + a1)(c1a1 – a12 – c12– b12 + 2c1b1)
=
(b1 – c1 + a1)(c1a1 – 2c12 + 2c1b1)
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)( –2c1 + 2b1 + a1)。
比較兩式,可知太虛弦減於
弦 = 明勾內少個
小差。
加入
和即兩個虛弦內少個平差也。
“
和”即
弦上勾股和 = b15 +a15 。
b15 + a15 =
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1) +
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)
=
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)(
+
)
=
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)(b1 + a1) 。
太虛弦加入
和,即:
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1) +
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)(b1 + a1)
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)2 +
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)(b1 + a1)
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)[c1(a1 – c1 + b1) + (c1 – b1)(b1 + a1)]
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)[c1b1 + c1a1 – c12 + c1b1 + c1a1 – b12 – b1a1]
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)[c1b1 + c1a1 – c12 + c1b1 + c1a1 – b12 – b1a1]
=
(b1 + a1 – c1)[2c1b1 +2c1a1 – c12 – b12 – b1a1]。
“平差”指平弦﹝在勾股形月川青 8 或川地夕 9﹞上勾股較。
平弦上勾股較 = b8– a8 =
(a1 + b1 – c1) –
(a1 + b1 – c1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)(1 –
)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)(b1 – a1)
=
(b12 –a12 – c1b1 + c1a1)
=
[(b1 – a1)(b1 + a1) – c1(b1 – a1)]
=
(b1 – a1) (b1 + a1 – c1)。
兩個虛弦﹝在勾股形月山泛 13﹞內少個平差﹝兩個即乘以 2﹞,即:
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1) –
(b1 – a1)(b1 + a1 – c1)
=
(b1 + a1 – c1)2 –
(b1 – a1)(b1 + a1 – c1)
=
(b1 + a1 – c1)[
(b1 + a1 – c1) –
(b1 – a1)]
=
(b1 + a1 – c1)[2c1b1 +2c1a1 – 2c12 – a1b1 + a12]
=
(b1 + a1 – c1)[2c1b1 +2c1a1 – c12 – a12 –b12– a1b1 + a12]
=
(b1 + a1 – c1)[2c1b1 +2c1a1 – c12 – b12 – b1a1]。
比較答案兩式,可知太虛弦加入
和 = 兩個虛弦內少個平差。
內減
和即平差也。
“
和”即
弦﹝在勾股形山川東 15﹞上勾股和=b15 + a15 。
b15 + a15 =
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1) +
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)
=
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)(
+
)
=
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)(b1 + a1) 。
太虛弦內減
和即:
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1) –
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)(b1 + a1)
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)2 –
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)(b1 + a1)
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)[c1(a1 – c1 + b1) – (c1 – b1)(b1 + a1)]
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)[(c1b1 + c1a1 – c12) – (c1b1 + c1a1 – b12 – a1b1)]
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)(c1b1 + c1a1 – c12 – c1b1 – c1a1 + b12 + a1b1)
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)(– c12 + b12 + a1b1)
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)( – a12 –b12 + b12 + a1b1)
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)( – a12 +a1b1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)(b1 – a1)。
“平差”指平弦﹝在勾股形月川青 8 或川地夕 9﹞上勾股較。
平弦上勾股較 = b8– a8 =
(a1 + b1 – c1) –
(a1 + b1 – c1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)(1 –
)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)(b1 – a1)
=
(b12 –a12 – c1b1 + c1a1) 。
比較兩式,可知太虛弦內減
和 = 平差。
加入明
二和共即極和內少個虛黃也。
已知“
和”即
弦上勾股和 = b15 +a15
=
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)(b1 + a1) 。
“明和”即明弦勾股和 = b14 +a14 =
(c1 – a1)(b1 – c1 + a1)(a1 + b1) 。
“二和”即“
和”加“明和”。
太虛弦+ 二和,即:
=
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1) +
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)(b1 + a1) +
(c1 – a1)(b1 – c1 + a1)(a1 + b1)
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)2 +
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)(b1 + a1) +
(c1 – a1)(b1 – c1 + a1)(a1 + b1)
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)[c1(a1 – c1 + b1) + (c1 – b1)(b1 + a1) + (c1 – a1)(a1 + b1)]
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)(c1b1 + c1a1 – c12 – 2a1b1 + 2c1b1 + 2c1a1 – a12 – b12)
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)(3c1b1 + 3c1a1 – 2c12 – 2a1b1)。
皇極在勾股形日川心 12。“極和”即皇極勾股和 = b12 +a12
=
(a1 + b1 – c1) +
(a1 + b1 – c1) =
(a1 + b1 – c1)(b1 + a1)。
“虛黃”即虛弦三事較 = 弦和較 = b13 + a13 – c13。
b13 + a13 – c13 =
(c1 – a1)(c1 – b1)(a1 + b1 – c1) 。
極和內– 虛黃,即:
(a1 + b1 – c1)(b1 + a1) –
(c1 – a1)(c1 – b1)(a1 + b1 – c1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[
(b1 + a1) – (c1 – a1)(c1 – b1)]
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)(c1b1 + c1a1 +2c1b1 +2c1a1 – 2c12 – 2a1b1)
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)(3c1b1 + 3c1a1 – 2c12 – 2a1b1)。
比較答案兩式,可知相等,所以太虛弦 + 明
二和共 = 極和內少個虛黃。
若減於明
二和共即明股
勾共也。
已知明
二和共 =
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)(b1 + a1) +
(c1 – a1)(b1 – c1 + a1)(a1 + b1)﹝參閱前條目﹞。
太虛弦若減於明
二和共 =
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)(b1 + a1) +
(c1 – a1)(b1 – c1 + a1)(a1 + b1) –
(a1 – c1 + b1)2
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)[(c1 – b1)(b1 + a1) + (c1 – a1)(a1 + b1) – c1(b1 + a1 – c1)]
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)[c1b1 + c1a1 – b12 – a1b1 + c1a1 + c1b1 – a12 – a1b1 – c1b1 – c1a1 + c12]
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)[c1b1 + c1a1 – 2a1b1] 。
已知東川勾﹝又稱
勾﹞:a15 =
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)。
日南股﹝又稱明股﹞:b14 =
(c1 – a1)(b1 – c1 + a1)。
明股
勾共 =
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1) +
(c1 – a1)(b1 – c1 + a1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[
(c1 – b1) +
(c1 – a1)]
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)(c1a1 – a1b1 + c1b1 – a1b1)
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)(c1a1 – 2a1b1 + c1b1) 。
比較兩式,可知太虛弦若減於明
= 明股
勾共。
減於髙弦即明弦。
已知髙弦﹝即天日或日山﹞:c6 =
( a1 +b1 – c1) 。
太虛弦若減於髙弦即
( a1 +b1 – c1) –
(a1 – c1 + b1)2
=
( a1 +b1 – c1)[1 –
(a1 – c1 + b1)]
=
( a1 +b1 – c1)(b1 – a1 – b1 + c1)
=
(c1 – a1)(b1 – c1 + a1)。
日月為明弦﹝簡稱明弦﹞:c14 =
(c1 – a1)(b1 – c1 + a1)。
比較兩式,可知太虛弦減於髙弦 = 明弦。
減于平弦即
弦。
已知平弦:c8 =
(a1 + b1 – c1) 。
太虛弦減于平弦 =
(a1 + b1 – c1) –
(a1 – c1 + b1)2
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[1 –
(a1 – c1 + b1)]
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)(a1 – a1 – b1 + c1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)(c1 – b1)。
已知山川
弦﹝簡稱
弦﹞:c15 =
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)。
比較兩式,可知太虛弦減于平弦 =
弦。
加於角差即二明勾一極差也。
先說明何謂“角差”,據《測圓海鏡》所云“角差”乃髙股平勾差。
“髙股”在“天日旦”或“日山朱”之句股形;“平勾”在“月川青”或“川地夕”之句股形。宜先注意:
髙股:b6 =
=
(a1 + b1 – c1),髙勾:a6 =
(a1 + b1 – c1)。
平勾:a8 =
=
(a1 + b1 – c1),平股:b8 =
(a1 + b1 – c1)。
髙股平勾差 = b6 – a8 =
(a1 + b1 – c1) –
(a1 + b1 – c1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[
–
]
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)。
以上之式是為“角差”。
太虛弦加於角差 =
(a1 – c1 + b1)2 +
(a1 + b1 – c1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[c1(a1 – c1 + b1) + b12 – a12]
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[c1b1 + c1a1 – c12 + b12 – a12]
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[c1b1 + c1a1 – a12 – b12+ b12 – a12]
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[c1b1 + c1a1 – 2a12]。
已知南月勾﹝又稱明勾,在勾股形日月南 14﹞:
a14 =
(c1 – a1)(b1 – c1 + a1)。
“極差”指皇極勾股較。
皇極勾股較= b12 – a12 =
(a1 + b1 – c1) –
(a1 + b1 – c1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[
–
]
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)(b1 – a1)。
二明勾加一極差,即:
= 2 ×
(c1 – a1)(b1 – c1 + a1) +
(a1 + b1 – c1)(b1 – a1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[2(c1 – a1) +
(b1 – a1)]
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)(2a1c1 – 2a12+ c1b1 – c1a1)
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)(a1c1 – 2a12+ c1b1) 。
比較答案兩式,可知相等,所以太虛弦 + 角差 = 二明勾 +極差。
減於角差即一極差二
股較也。
太虛弦減於角差 =
(a1 – c1 + b1)2 –
(a1 + b1 – c1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[c1(a1 – c1 + b1) – b12 + a12]
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[c1b1 + c1a1 – c12 – b12+ a12]
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[c1b1 + c1a1 – a12 – b12 –b12 + a12]
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[c1b1 + c1a1 – 2b12]。
已知山東股﹝又稱
股﹞:b15 =
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)。
一極差加二
股較,即:
2 ×
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1) –
(a1 + b1 – c1)(b1 – a1)
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)[2(c1 – b1) –
(b1 – a1)]
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)(2b1c1 – 2b12 – c1b1 + c1a1)
=
(a1 – c1 + b1)(b1c1 – 2b12 + c1a1)。
比較兩式,可知太虛弦減於角差 = 一極差二
股較。
得傍差即明股
勾共。
依《測圓海鏡》所云,明
二差較是為“傍差”﹝或作“旁差”﹞。
已知明差 = b14 – a14 =
(c1 – a1)(b1 – c1 + a1) –
(c1 – a1)(b1 – c1 + a1)
=
(c1 – a1)( a1 + b1 – c1)[
–
]。
差 = b15 – a15 =
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1) –
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)
=
(c1 – b1)( a1 + b1 – c1) [
–
]。
二差較 = 明差 –
差 ,即:
(c1 – a1)( a1 + b1 – c1)[
–
] –
(c1 – b1)( a1 + b1 – c1) [
–
]
=
( a1 +b1 – c1)[
–
][(c1 – a1) – (c1 – b1)]
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)(b1 – a1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)。
以上之值即為“傍差”。
太虛弦得傍差即太虛弦加傍差:
(a1 – c1 + b1)2 +
(a1 + b1 – c1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[c1(b1 + a1 – c1) + c12 – 2a1b1]
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)( c1b1 + c1a1 – c12+ c12 – 2a1b1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)(c1b1 + c1a1 – 2a1b1) 。
已知日南股﹝又稱明股﹞:b14 =
(c1 – a1)(b1 – c1 + a1)。
東川勾﹝又稱
勾﹞:a15 =
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)。
明股
勾共 = b14 + a15,即:
(c1 – a1)(b1 – c1 + a1) +
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[
(c1 – a1) +
(c1 – b1)]
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)(c1b1 – b1a1 + c1a1 – a1b1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)(c1b1 + c1a1 – 2a1b1) 。
比較答案兩式,可知太虛弦 + 傍差 = 明股 +
勾。
內減傍差即太虛三事和內去了極雙差也﹝按雙差係勾弦差股弦差﹞。
太虛弦內減傍差,即:
(a1 – c1 + b1)2 –
(a1 + b1 – c1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[c1(b1 + a1 – c1) – c12 + 2a1b1]
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)( c1b1 + c1a1 – c12 – c12+ 2a1b1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)( c1b1 + c1a1 + 2a1b1 – 2c12) 。
“太虛弦三事和”即弦和和 = c13 + b13 + a13。
c13 + b13 + a13
=
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1) +
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1) +
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1)
=
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1)(c1 + b1 + a1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)2(c1 + b1 + a1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)(a1 + b1 – c1)(c1 + b1 + a1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[(a1 + b1)2– c12]
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)(a12 + b12 –c12 + 2a1b1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)×2a1b1
= a1 + b1 – c1 ﹝即圓直徑﹞。
皇極勾弦較即勾弦差,股弦較即股弦差。
皇極勾弦較 = c12 – a12 =
(a1 + b1 – c1) –
(a1 + b1 – c1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[
– 1]
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)(c1 – a1) 。
皇極股弦較= c12 – b12 =
(a1 + b1 – c1) –
(a1 + b1 – c1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[
– 1]
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)(c1 – b1) 。
以上之和是為“極雙差”。三事和內去了極雙差,即:
(a1 + b1 – c1) –
(a1 + b1 – c1)(c1 – a1) –
(a1 + b1 – c1)(c1 – b1)
= (a1 + b1 – c1)[1 –
(c1 – a1) –
(c1 – b1)]
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[2a1b1 + c1a1 – c12 + c1b1 – c12]
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[2a1b1 + c1a1 – 2c12 + c1b1] 。
比較兩式,可知太虛弦內減傍差 = 太虛三事和內去極雙差。
內加虛差即二明勾。
太虛弦內加虛差 = c13 + (b13 – a13)= c13 + b13 – a13。
即太虛弦較和 = c13 + (b13 – a13)= c13 + b13 – a13。
c13 + b13 – a13
=
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1) +
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1) –
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1)
= (c1 – b1)(c1 – a1)[
+
–
]
=
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1)(c1 + b1 – a1)
=
(c1 – a1)(c12 – b12 –a1c1 + a1b1)
=
(c1 – a1)(a12 – a1c1 + a1b1)
=
(c1 – a1)(b1 + a1 – c1) 。
已知南月勾﹝又稱明勾﹞:a14 =
(c1 – a1)(b1 – c1 + a1)。
二明勾 = 2 ×
(c1 – a1)(b1 – c1 + a1) =
(c1 – a1)(b1 + a1 – c1) 。
比較兩式,可知太虛弦內加虛差 = 二明勾。
內減虛差即二
股。
太虛弦內減虛差 = c13 – (b13 – a13)即弦較較。
太虛弦較較 = c13 –(b13 – a13) = c13 – b13+ a13。
c13 – b13 + a13
=
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1) –
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1) +
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1)
=
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1)(c1 – b1 + a1)
=
(c1 – a1)(c1 – b1)(c1 – b1 + a1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)2(c1 – b1 + a1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[a1 –(c1 – b1)]( a1 + c1 – b1)
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[a12 – (c1 – b1)2]
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[a12 – c12 –b12 + 2b1c1]
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)[ –2b12 + 2b1c1]
=
(a1 + b1 – c1)(c1 – b1)。
已知山東股﹝又稱
股,在勾股形山川東 15﹞:b15
=
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1)。
二
股 = 2 ×
(c1 – b1)(a1 – c1 + b1) =
(a1 + b1 – c1)(c1 – b1)。
比較兩式,可知太虛弦內減虛差 = 二
股。
內加虛黃方即虛和。
從前圖可知,太虛弦與虛黃方同在一勾股形,可作如下之簡証:
已知虛黃方 =b13 + a13 – c13。
太虛弦內加虛黃方 = c13 +(b13 + a13 – c13) = c13 + b13 + a13 – c13 = b13 + a13
是為虛和。“虛和”指太虛勾股和 = b13 + a13。,即:
b13 + a13 =
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1) +
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1)
= (c1 – b1)(c1 – a1)[
+
]
=
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1)(b1 + a1)。
內減虛黃方即太虛大小差併也。
太虛弦內減虛黃方 = c13 – (b13 + a13– c13) = c13 – b13 – a13 + c13= 2c13 – b13– a13。
已知太虛大差 = c13 – a13。
太虛大差即太虛勾弦較 = c13 – a13 =
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1)2。
已知太虛小差 = c13 – b13。
太虛小差即太虛股弦較 = c13 – b13 =
(c1 – a1)(c1 – b1)2。
太虛大小差併 = c13 – a13 +c13 – b13 = 2c13 – b13 – a13。
所以太虛弦內減虛黃方 = 太虛大小差併 = 2c13– b13 – a13。
2c13 – b13 – a13 =
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1)2 +
(c1 – a1)(c1 – b1)2
=
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1)[(c1 – a1) + (c1 – b1)]
=
(c1 – b1)(c1 – a1)(2c1 – a1 – b1)。
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