我看完了78篇文献,有理有据怒怼“包治百病”的巴西蘑菇

作者:HMS_XIN(哈佛大学医学院研究员)

目前在保健品市场上,有一种“巴西蘑菇”被部分商家宣称“可以治疗动脉硬化、肝炎、高脂血症、糖尿病、皮炎、过敏和癌症”等疾病。

在好奇这个外来植物到底是什么的同时,很多人也发出了疑问:这个蘑菇的功效真的如这些商家所宣传的那般吗?

为了详细的给大家解读这个声称“可以治疗疾病”的巴西蘑菇,笔者读了过去30年里所发表的几乎所有的相关学术文献,只为让大家更清晰地了解,目前医学界对这个蘑菇功效的看法。

OK,让我们步入正题:

“巴西蘑菇”名字的由来

巴西蘑菇本名姬松茸,英文学名Agaricus Blazei Murrill,是一种美味可食用的蘑菇,具有明显的杏仁提取物的味道和肉质感。

之所以叫巴西蘑菇,是因为在巴西,有大量的日本和其他地方的种植者,对这种蘑菇进行了大规模的商业化生产。其实它最早是在美国的佛罗里达州被发现的。

治病功效均来源于假说

目前商家在宣传治病疗效的同时,都会拿出种种科学研究。

但需要注意的一点是,几乎所有与巴西蘑菇药效相关的科学研究,清一色的是被来自日本的研究人员完成。毕竟人家在推广巴西蘑菇的大规模商业种植,需要噱头,可以理解。

在姬松茸成分中,主要被用于宣传的成分有两种,一种是β-葡聚糖( Beta-Glucans),另一种是麦角甾醇( Ergosterol)。

前者是一组被普遍认为能刺激并增强生物体免疫功能的多糖,后者是一种被普遍认为能直接抑制肿瘤诱导血管生成从而达到抑制肿瘤生长目的的化合物。

至于可以用来治疗疾病这一说法,可能多源于这些临床假说。

假说即假设,假设通常有2种,一种是还没有完全被科学方法所证明,另一种是也没有被任何一种科学方法所否定,但能够产生某种深远的影响。

而事实证明,关于巴西蘑菇治疗效果的假说,均属于第一种。

它可以治疗动脉硬化?也只是可能

基于个别细胞实验和动物实验数据,有的研究人员发现姬松茸提取物【可能具有】类似于雌激素的生物活性,【可能可以】通过细胞信号传导,抑制巨噬细胞发育和帮助恢复血管损伤部位的内皮细胞,在这几种机制的多重作用下,从而实现预防或治疗动脉粥样硬化的目的。

但也有研究人员发现,姬松茸提取物在动物实验中表现出了,其促进动脉粥样硬化进一步恶性发展的不良反应。

除了注意【可能】这个关键词外,最重要的是,还应看到现有实验数据仍存在互相矛盾的地方。

另外,细胞实验和动物实验在临床实验中均属于较低等级的科学证据,参考意义有限,在人体日常保健或临床治疗中并不具备任何实际意义。

综上所述,由于目前缺乏大样本对照临床实验的相关数据,这项假说的正确性得不到任何确凿科学证据的支持。

所以,如果现在有人说吃这种蘑菇能治动脉硬化,你需要再深思一下。

它可以治疗肝炎?还需要进一步验证

基于一项小型临床研究数据,姬松茸【貌似】有助于改善乙型肝炎患者的肝功能。

注意哈,他们的初步实验观察结果仅仅是【貌似】支持「姬松茸提取物可能对乙型肝炎患者肝功能的正常化存在潜在益处」这一假说。

就连原作者也觉得,还需要进行较大样本量的随机对照研究来进一步验证这种假说。

另外,大家还需注意一点,【改善乙肝患者的肝功能】和【能治乙肝】,是完全不同的两个概念。

所以,如果现在有人说吃这种蘑菇能治肝炎,你也需要深思一下。

它可以治疗高脂血症?分情况

基于个别动物实验和一项小型临床研究数据,姬松茸确实降低了在高胆固醇饮食下健康受试者的胆固醇水平。

所以,如果你平时吃的太油腻,想吃点姬松茸来降个血脂... 也不是不行,但前提是不用于治疗疾病。

如果你患有高脂血症,不严格按照医嘱吃药,想寄希望于吃这种蘑菇来控制血脂,嗯,吃之前你需要深思一下。

它可以治疗糖尿病?可以考虑加到日常饮食中

基于个别动物实验和一项小型临床研究数据,姬松茸可以降低健康受试者的血糖水平。

另一项小型临床研究也发现,与给予安慰剂的测试组相比,72位每天食用这种蘑菇提取物的2型糖尿病(注意是2型,2型,2型糖尿病)患者在【胰岛素抵抗】这一方面有所改善。

所以,如果你属于【健康人群】或有患有【2型糖尿病】,想吃点姬松茸来稍微帮助(注意只是稍微帮助)控制一下血糖...可以考虑下添加到日常饮食中。

但如果你已被诊断为糖尿病(不论1型还是2型),大吃大喝的同时不严格遵医嘱吃药,却寄希望于吃这种蘑菇来控制血糖,你需要再好好深思一下。

因为一旦选择错,面临你的不单单是浪费钱财那么简单了。

它可以治疗皮炎?暂无定论

有的商家说姬松茸能治疗皮炎,我猜他一定没好好看文献。相反的,有报道称吃这种蘑菇,反而还会引起唇炎(Cheilitis)。

所以,如果现在有人说吃这种蘑菇能治皮炎,请深思。

它可以预防过敏?尚无科学证据支撑

目前基于现有的个别动物实验数据,研究人员仅能做出——这种蘑菇【可能可以】预防过敏,这样的结论。

目前没有任何临床数据可以支持这种假说。所以,如果现在有人说吃这种蘑菇能预防过敏,还是那句话,请深思。

它可以治疗癌症?还需要更多的研究

姬松茸提取物产品,是日本众多癌症患者里最受欢迎的补充和替代药物之一。

基于个别动物实验和几项小型临床研究数据,存在于姬松茸中的多糖和有抗血管生成作用的麦角甾醇成分【可能】是其之所以展现出抗肿瘤特性的原因。

还有一些研究表示,口服姬松茸提取物可以提高患瘤小鼠(荷瘤小鼠:研究中最常使用的是移植瘤模型)相关癌症细胞的活性;【可能可以】改善接受化疗的妇科癌症患者的生活质量。

与此同时,不仅有研究发现,口服姬松茸提取物对多发性骨髓瘤患者的5年生存率不存在任何改善作用,更有研究认为,姬松茸提取物对于老年女性在免疫调节方面根本不会提供任何益处。

除此之外,由于姬松茸提取物可能具有类雌激素样活性,因此在很多对激素敏感的肿瘤亚型中应谨慎使用。

最后,所有论文作者一致认为,基于目前初步数据所得出的【姬松茸具有抗癌特性】这一结论,需要更大样本量的对照研究来验证,需要更多更细致的临床研究。

所以,如果现在有人说吃这种蘑菇能治癌症,还是那句话,你真的要深思一下。

日常生活中可以多食用姬松茸吗?偶尔吃

其实,作为食品或膳食补充剂的姬松茸,它包含了各种天然存在的蘑菇氨酸(agaritine)和重金属(例如镉)。而目前,日本食品安全委员会已经开始关注蘑菇氨酸有可能存在潜在致癌性这一问题。

所以... 还是偶尔吃吃就好了。但如果指望着治病,还是算了吧。

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