骨科英文书籍精读(198)|骨盆重度出血的处理
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MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE BLEEDING
Severe bleeding is the main cause of death following high-energy pelvic fractures. The general treatment of shock is described in Chapter 22. If there is an unstable fracture of the pelvis, haemorrhage will be reduced by rapidly applying an external fixator.
If either the expertise or the necessary equipment is lacking, unstable APC injuries can initially be managed by applying a pelvic binder to achieve side-to-side compression; the rationale is to try and close the ‘open book’ and reduce the internal pelvic volume.
The diagnosis of persistent bleeding is often difficult, and even when it seems clear that continuing shock is due to haemorrhage, it is not easy to determine the source of the bleeding. Patients with suspicious abdominal signs should be further investigated by peritoneal aspiration or lavage. If there is a positive diagnostic tap, the abdomen should be explored in an attempt to find and deal with the source of bleeding.
However, if there is a large retroperitoneal haematoma, it should not be evacuated as this may release the tamponade effect and lead to uncontrollable haemorrhage.
If there is no evidence of intra-abdominal bleeding and laparotomy is not contemplated, but the patient shows signs of continuing blood loss, then angiography should be performed with a view to carrying out embolization. If blood loss continues after embolization, angiography can again be performed to seek other sites of bleeding. However, angiography will not reveal any source of venous bleeding and repeated procedures are time-wasting.
An alternative approach is the application of pelvic packing to provide a tamponade effect (Ertel et al., 2001).
The management of severe haemorrhage in pelvic injuries is well-described in a recent review paper by Hak et al. (2009).
---from 《Apley’s System of Orthopaedics and Fractures》
重点词汇整理:
expertise /ˌekspɜːrˈtiːz/n. 专门知识;专门技术;专家的意见
lacking /ˈlækɪŋ/v. 缺少,没有,不足(lack 的现在分词)adj. 缺乏的,不足的;没有的,缺失的,不存在的;有缺陷的,不充分的
binder /ˈbaɪndər/n. [胶粘] 粘合剂;活页夹;装订工;捆缚者;用以绑缚之物
bind /baɪnd/n. 捆绑;困境;讨厌的事情;植物的藤蔓vt. 绑;约束;装订;包扎;凝固
side-to-side compression左右压缩
suspicious/səˈspɪʃəs/adj. 可疑的;怀疑的;多疑的
suspect /səˈspekt/v. 怀疑;猜想n. 嫌疑犯adj. 靠不住的;可疑的
peritoneal aspiration or lavage.腹腔抽吸(穿刺)灌洗。
peritoneal /,pɛrətə'niəl/adj. 腹膜的
tamponade /,tæmpə'neid/n. 填塞
laparotomy /ˌlæpəˈrɑːtəmi/n. 剖腹手术
contemplatedv. 计划(contemplate的过去分词);深思;注视;估计adj. 预期的
angiography /ˌændʒɪˈɑːɡrəfɪ/n. [特医] 血管造影术;血管照相术;血管学;[特医] 血管造影法
embolization /,embəlai'zeiʃən, -li'z-/n. 栓塞(现象)
pelvic packing骨盆填塞
百度翻译:
严重出血的处理
严重出血是高能骨盆骨折后死亡的主要原因。休克的一般治疗见第22章。如果骨盆骨折不稳定,迅速使用外固定器可减少出血。
如果缺乏专业知识或必要的设备,不稳定的APC损伤最初可以通过应用骨盆固定器来实现侧对侧压缩,其基本原理是尝试关闭“打开的书本”并减少骨盆内部容积。
持续性出血的诊断通常很困难,即使似乎很清楚持续性休克是由出血引起的,也不容易确定出血的来源。可疑腹部体征的患者应进一步进行腹腔穿刺或灌洗。如果诊断穿刺阳性,应探查腹部,试图找到并处理出血源。
但是,如果腹膜后血肿较大,则不应将其排空,因为这可能会释放填塞效应并导致无法控制的出血。
如果没有腹腔内出血的迹象,并且没有考虑开腹手术,但病人有持续失血的迹象,则应进行血管造影,以便进行栓塞。如果栓塞后仍有失血,可再次进行血管造影以寻找其他出血部位。然而,血管造影不能显示任何静脉出血的来源,重复的操作是浪费时间的。
另一种方法是应用盆腔填塞物来提供填塞效果(Ertel等人,2001)。
Hak等人最近发表的一篇综述性论文对骨盆损伤中严重出血的处理进行了很好的描述。(2009年)。