坚果还能抗癌?每天一小把,与患癌风险降低10%相关
Nut Consumption and Risk of Cancer: A Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies
作者:Jieyi Long, Zhi Ji, Peihong Yuan, Tingting Long, Ke Liu, Jiaoyuan Li, Liming Cheng
期刊:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
发表时间:2020/02/10
摘要:Background: Epidemiologic studies have investigated the association between nut intake and risk for multiple cancers. However, current findings are inconsistent and no definite conclusion has been drawn from prospective studies. We therefore conducted this meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between nut consumption and risk of cancer.Methods: Prospective studies reporting associations between nut intake and risk for all types of cancer were identified by searching Web of Science and PubMed databases up to June 2019. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were extracted and then pooled across the studies using a random-effect model. A dose–response analysis was modeled by performing restricted cubic splines when data were available.Results: Thirty-three studies that included more than 50,000 cancer cases were eligible for the analysis. When comparing the highest with the lowest category of nut intake, high consumption of nuts was significantly associated with decreased risk of overall cancer (RR = 0.90; 95% CI, 0.85–0.95). The protective effect of nut consumption was especially apparent against cancers from the digestive system (RR = 0.83; 95% CI, 0.77–0.89). Among different nut classes, significant association was only obtained for intake of tree nuts. We also observed a linear dose–response relationship between nut consumption and cancer: Per 20 g/day increase in nut consumption was related to a 10% (RR = 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82–0.99) decrease in cancer risk.Conclusions: Our analysis demonstrated an inverse association of dietary nut consumption with cancer risk, especially for cancers from the digestive system.Impact: This study highlights the protective effect of nuts against cancer.
坚果中含有多种营养素,包括单不饱和或多不饱和脂肪酸、膳食纤维、植物蛋白、维生素(生育酚和叶酸)、矿物质(钙、镁、钾和硒)、植物甾醇以及多酚等。
之前有研究显示,食用坚果可能通过减少胰岛素抵抗、炎症、高血糖和氧化应激等,降低慢性病风险,对健康产生长期有益的影响。
一项发表于美国癌症研究协会(AACR)旗下期刊《癌症流行病学、生物指标和预防》(Cancer Epidemiology , Biomarkers & Prevention)的研究进一步显示,食用坚果与患癌风险降低显著相关,尤其是消化系统癌症。
来自华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院的研究人员,对33项研究进行了分析,共涉及欧洲、亚洲及北美洲的50879名癌症患者,平均随访时间5.7~30年。
研究人员统计了受试者的年龄、身高、体重、体力活动、饮酒、吸烟、教育程度,以及坚果等食物的食用频率及食用量等信息。
研究中坚果主要分为3种类型,包括树坚果,如核桃、杏仁、腰果、榛子、松子、夏威夷果等;种子,如花生、葵花子、南瓜子等;以及花生酱。
在调整其它因素影响后,研究人员发现,相比于坚果食用量最少或不食用的人群,坚果食用量最高的人群(≥20g/天),与整体患癌风险降低10%有关;而在3种类型的坚果中,树坚果的摄入量与整体癌症风险降低的关联最显著,与患癌风险降低14%有关。
从癌症类型看,食用坚果与消化系统癌症风险降低17%有关,包括与结直肠癌风险降低19%、胰腺癌风险降低16%和胃癌风险降低21%有关。而在非消化系统癌症中,食用坚果除与肺癌风险降低14%有关外,其他癌症并未发现风险降低的关联。
此外,研究人员还发现,当每天食用9g及以上的坚果时,与癌症风险降低之间的关联才表现出来。
研究人员分析,食用坚果与癌症风险降低之间的关联,可能通过多种机制发挥作用,包括减少炎症、氧化应激以及胰岛素抵抗。
坚果中含有多种亲水性化合物,如槲皮素、白藜芦醇和鞣花酸,以及亲脂性成分,如生育酚、生育三烯酚、ω-3和ω-6脂肪酸,尤其是树坚果中,含有更多的单不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸、硒、酚类化合物和植物甾醇,可能通过抗炎和抗氧化作用,发挥间接抗癌活性。
坚果中的生物活性成分,可以直接影响肿瘤发生和发展的几个细胞过程,如DNA损伤修复、细胞分化和增殖、凋亡、细胞侵袭和转移,进而降低患癌风险。
此外,坚果也可能通过改变血脂谱和细胞代谢的能力,减少胰岛素抵抗,抑制癌症进展。
由于该研究是观察性研究,只是显示了食用坚果与患癌风险之间存在关联,并未显示因果关系。而且研究也存在一定局限性,如受试者坚果的食用量,主要依赖于受试者回忆,可能会对研究结果产生影响。
不过研究最后总结指出,这项研究提供了令人信服的证据,显示出食用坚果与癌症风险降低之间的关联,尤其是消化系统癌症。研究支持了美国膳食指南中的建议,即每天食用20g的坚果、种子和豆制品,有助于促进健康和预防慢性疾病。
在《中国居民膳食指南(2016)》中,也推荐适量食用坚果,作为膳食的有益补充,并建议每周最好食用50g-70g坚果。
对于如何食用,不仅可以在热或冷的谷物、酸奶中加入坚果;也可将坚果添加至沙拉中;还可将坚果和干果结合起来,作为一种便携式的混合零食。
参考资料
[1] Jieyi Long, et al.,(2020). Nut Consumption and Risk of Cancer: A Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies. Cancer Epidemiology , Biomarkers & Prevention, DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-19-1167.
[2] Nuts for Cancer Prevention: Health Benefits and Hype. Retrieved Dec 28 ,2020,from https://www.aicr.org/resources/blog/nuts-for-cancer-prevention-health-benefits-and-hype/
[3] Eating tree nuts may decrease cancer risk, especially for cancers of the digestive system. Retrieved Dec 28 ,2020,from https://www.cancertodaymag.org/Pages/Winter2020-2021/Health-Nuts.aspx