天坛小儿神外 | 专访宫剑:儿童颅内蛛网膜囊肿的治疗策略及天坛规范(上)

天坛小儿神外

第2期

神外前沿讯,儿童颅内蛛网膜囊肿是常见良性病变,多是偶然发现,往往给家长造成了巨大的心理压力,四处寻医问药,各个医生说法不一,问的越多,越是迷惘,孩子一旦出现头痛、头晕的症状,更是焦虑万分。

近日,神外前沿新媒体专访了北京天坛医院小儿神经外科主任宫剑教授,就家长最关心的问题详细讲解。

宫剑教授表示,90%的儿童颅内蛛网膜囊肿病例是不需要外科治疗的,不必过度紧张。尤其对于无临床症状的后颅窝囊肿,北京天坛医院结合自身经验,主张不建议手术。

以下是访谈实录:

神外前沿:什么是蛛网膜囊肿?孩子发现了颅内蛛网膜囊肿需要手术治疗吗?
宫剑:
颅内蛛网膜囊肿多属于先天性良性病变,囊壁多为蛛网膜、神经胶质及增生的蛛网膜细胞形成1,内含脑脊液样囊液。少部分病例则因颅脑外伤、颅内感染、颅内出血而继发形成蛛网膜粘连,在蛛网膜下腔形成囊肿,内含脑脊液。

颅内蛛网膜囊肿发生率并不低,好发于儿童及青少年,发生率为0.3-2.6%2,3。以北京市16岁以下青少年200万计,应发生蛛网膜囊肿近3万例,以中小学学龄儿童每年级300人计,该年级至少3-5例学生存在颅内蛛网膜囊肿,较发生率十万分之一的儿童颅内肿瘤而言,属于大概率事件。

颅内蛛网膜囊肿一般无症状体征,患儿多数因外伤、头晕、头痛行颅脑检查时偶然发现,症状体征与囊肿基本无关3,4,对此,广大患儿家长十分焦虑,迫切想知道蛛网膜囊肿是否需要手术治疗。在此,明确告知家长,在我们临床工作中,90%的病例是不需要外科治疗的3,不必过度紧张。

神外前沿:颅内蛛网膜囊肿的发生特点是什么?体积会持续增长吗?
宫剑:
蛛网膜囊肿位于脑表面、脑裂、脑池,不累及脑实质,多数单发,少数多发。就其形成机制,争议颇大,主要存在三种假说:蛛网膜脱落假说5,脑脊液反流假说6,脑发育不全假说7。密歇根大学回顾了一组18岁以下青少年儿童蛛网膜囊肿309例3,发现男性发病率偏高(3.3%:1.8%),左侧为著(45%:27%),中颅窝最多(46.9%,含8-15%鞍上池囊肿),后颅窝居中(38.2%),前颅窝最少(1.9%)。该项研究还对111名无症状蛛网膜囊肿患者进行平均5年的随诊,发现其中有10%的囊肿体积增大。

换句话说,90%的囊肿体积不会增长,患儿可以终身携带而不影响学习生活,家长们大可不必过度焦虑。至于囊肿增大的原因,众说纷纭,有活瓣假说8,出血假说9,分泌假说10等,至今没有统一的认识。
 
神外前沿:各类蛛网膜囊肿的治疗原则是什么呢?
宫剑:
鞍上池囊肿占比8-15%11,由于直接阻塞脑脊液循环,常合并梗阻性脑积水,一旦出现高颅压症状,如头痛、恶心、呕吐等,应该积极手术治疗,对此,国内外学者已基本形成共识12-15。2001年,英国皇家利物浦儿童医院首次报道了内镜下鞍上池囊肿脑室脑池“双开窗”造瘘手术(bipolar fenestration),7例患儿随访均无复发,同时避免了体内分流管植入。自此之后,越来越多临床研究表明该术式成功率高、复发率低16,目前已成为鞍上池囊肿标准术式在世界范围内广泛应用。

后颅窝囊肿占比38.2%,临床较为常见,但分型极为复杂,手术治疗应持慎重态度。1991年,日本顺天堂大学神经外科17总结了了26例后颅窝囊肿分为四型:(1)小脑半球囊肿;(2)桥小脑角囊肿;(3)小脑后囊肿;(4)蛛网膜内蛛网膜囊肿。

后颅窝囊肿还应与第四脑室的憩室,Blake陷凹,Dandy-Walker畸形相鉴别。单纯扩大的大枕大池无需手术治疗。只有脑池造影显示脑脊液循环障碍或囊肿内造影剂充盈不良的蛛网膜内蛛网膜囊肿适合手术治疗。

由于后颅窝囊肿术后易出现张力性硬膜下积液、脑积水加重、囊肿无变化却头痛加重等并发症,众多学者主张收窄手术指征18,19北京天坛医院结合自身经验,主张后颅窝囊肿无临床症状不建议手术;当合并梗阻性脑积水出现高颅压症状时建议行三脑室底部造瘘解除脑积水更为安全有效;内镜下双开窗造瘘应该慎之又慎,一旦造瘘失败应及时行囊肿-腹腔分流手术加以补救。

中颅窝囊肿又称颞叶囊肿,发生率最高,约占儿童颅内蛛网膜囊肿近一半。20世纪80年代,意大利贝拉里亚儿童医院的神经外科医师Galassi根据囊肿大小分成3型(图1)。但是,针对颞叶囊肿的手术指征国内外争议颇大。国内有专家认为颞叶囊肿一旦发现应立即手术治疗20;有的认为小的无症状囊肿可以保守治疗21;国外有学者认为有症状的Galassi Ⅱ、Ⅲ型的囊肿应该手术治疗22。北京天坛医院小儿神经外科每年诊治大量颞叶囊肿患儿,根据我们的经验,基本都属于无症状偶然发现,但家长们面临着巨大的心理压力,因此,我们有必要明确手术指征,形成天坛规范。在此,首先要明确颞叶囊肿的手术目的。

图1:颞叶蛛网膜囊肿Galassi分型。Ⅰ型:局限于中颅窝前部的囊肿,呈梭型;Ⅱ型:沿侧裂池向上扩展,颞叶被推挤移位;Ⅲ型:占据整个中颅窝,可推挤额、顶叶,甚至导致中线移位。

神外前沿:最为常见的颞叶蛛网膜囊肿手术目的是什么?

宫剑:颞叶囊肿临床最为常见,手术指征争议也最大。如前述,患儿多为偶然发现,常伴头痛头晕多与囊肿无关,那该如何选择手术指征呢?在此,我们明确提出颞叶囊肿的手术目是三个防止:防止囊肿破裂出血,防止长期压迫影响脑发育,防止继发性癫痫形成。

有文献报道,颞叶囊肿外伤破裂率0.3%-6%9,23,自发破裂率稍低24,破裂后71.5%形成硬膜下出血,25%形成硬膜下积液,囊内出血约为3.5%。囊肿破裂的危险因素与囊肿体积有直接关系:直径>5cm,Galassi Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型中大型囊肿更容易破裂出血9,24。囊肿破裂导致的硬膜下出血,癫痫发生率高达24%25,即使出血吸收后,仍有11%的患儿存在继发癫痫的风险25,26

0-6岁是儿童脑发育黄金期,囊肿对脑组织的显著压迫,直接影响了儿童脑发育,造成智力及各类认知能力落后于同龄儿童。瑞典卡罗琳斯卡医学院对15名患有颞叶蛛网膜囊肿的患儿进行术前术后智力测试,术前囊肿平均体积为68.1ml,术后囊肿显著缩小至37.3ml,测试结果显示,囊肿缩小解除脑组织压迫后,智力水平(韦氏儿童智力量表)和神经心理测试(NEPSY-Ⅱ)都有明显提升27

挪威卑尔根大学同样发现颞叶囊肿患者的“迷宫学习”能力明显下降,而术后可得到改善,提示颞叶囊肿对空间认知能力有重要影响29。若囊肿位于优势半球,对语言发育的影响也较为常见。挪威Haukeland大学医学院发现,左颞蛛网膜囊肿患儿的语言能力明显落后于右颞患儿,而术后这些患儿的言语功能都能恢复至正常水平28

笔者也有同样体会(如图2),这是一例两岁患儿左颞蛛网膜囊肿,主诉语言发育迟缓、仅单字构音不能连句,行囊肿造瘘术后仅一月,语言迅猛发展,居然可以连句表达,无论医生还是家长都感到惊奇。可见,在儿童脑发育黄金期,囊肿压迫对脑发育产生显著的阻碍作用,及时手术干预十分必要。

图2.两岁患儿左颞蛛网膜囊肿(A:术前MRI,B:术后MRI),造瘘手术解除颞叶压迫后,语言能力迅猛发育,令人惊奇。

在临床工作中,颞叶囊肿首发症状为癫痫发作的病例并不常见。有文献报道,颞叶囊肿发生抽搐概率是0.6%3,应属小概率事件。另有大宗病例报道,发现颞叶囊肿与癫痫并无直接联系30。因此,颞叶囊肿合并癫痫的病例,应着重明确致癫原因,慎重选择囊肿造瘘手术。

专家简介

宫剑,教授,主任医师,博士研究生导师,北京天坛医院小儿神经外科病区副主任(主持工作),全面负责病区医疗,科研,教学工作。主要研究方向:1.儿童颅内肿瘤;2.儿童先天性疾患。目前主持科技部十三五、国家自然科学基金等多项课题,国内外专业杂志发表医学论著30余篇。目前担任中国医师协会神经外科医师分会小儿专家委员会副主任委员,中国医药教育协会小儿神经外科分会副主任委员。

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